The Regional District Court of Awdal Somaliland has sentenced a 22-year-old man to death by a firing squad on July 1st for the rape and murder of an underage girl in Lughaya in the east of the country.
Mr. Abdi Saeed Mussa, a 22-year-old man from Lughaya was convicted of the heinous crime of raping and murdering Shukri Hussein earlier this year. Mr. Mousa was apprehended by Somaliland Police in February this year and has been awaiting trial.
The death sentence of Mr. Mussa was welcomed by relatives of the victim and community activists and urged the government to pass the pending rape law.
There is an active investigation of another alleged rape case involving a minor in Hargeisa orphanage, according to sources, there are a number of suspects in Somaliland police custody.
The murder and rape of Shukri have shocked the community in Somaliland and particularly the small town of Lug-haya near Somaliland’s border with Djibouti.
It is unclear if the convicted man will appeal and when the death sentence will be carried out. Somaliland has executed 6 inmates convicted of murder earlier this year.
According to sources briefed on the matter, the President of the Republic of Somaliland HE Muse Bihi Abdi appointed a Representative to the Republic of China more commonly known as Taiwan.
The relationship between Somaliland and Taiwan has been developing for some time and includes high-level visits from Taiwanese government delegation and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation paying a visit to the East Asian nation.
Sources add that that the Taiwanese government has established presence in Somaliland earlier this year and is closely collaborating a number of ministries on capacity building and other technical areas.
Taiwan Root Medical Peace Corps who has previously sent a large contingent of medical professionals to Somaliland has sent the largest and valuable COVID-19 medical supplies to Somaliland on Sunday.
— Taiwan Root Medical Peace Corps /台灣路竹醫療和平會 (@TRMPCGlobal) June 29, 2020
Despite Taiwan’s unrecognized status, it enjoys a very strong relationship with the United States of America. Multiple US laws including the Taiwan Relations Act of 1976 and the more recent TAIPEI act show Taiwan’s importance to the US.
It is unclear why Somaliland government has kept this important relationship under wraps for this long but officials who did not want to be named for discussing a sensitive subject stressed the significance of a Somaliland – Taiwan relationship and indicated that Somaliland is working with many nations around the world but prefers quiet diplomacy.
The People’s Republic of China who has become a major player in Africa in terms of direct development projects has no relationship with the Republic of Somaliland.
Although the new Representative’s identity is not yet confirmed, sources tell Somaliland Chronicle it is a current member of Somaliland’s Foreign Affairs team.
It is unclear an expected reshuffle by President Bihi will make significant changes to his government especially to the Foreign Services team or if the new Representative to Taiwan will be announced in these upcoming changes.
Efforts to reach the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Hon. Yasin Hagi Mohamoud Hiir (Faratoon) for confirmation on the appointment were unsuccessful.
The Ministry of Education and Science has administered the high school final examination to more than 11,000 students in 199 locations throughout Somaliland in one day. According to a statement from the Ministry posted on social media, Minister Ahmed Mohamed Diriye Egeh kicked off the countrywide exams from Lasanod in Sool region.
The Ministry has dispatched other high ranking officials from the Ministry including the Director-General Mr. Ahmed Abokor to other regions to kick off the countrywide exam activities.
The exam date was announced back in May where the ministry stated that due to COVID-19 only high school students will attend the final exam on a condensed one day schedule. Sources from the Ministry of Education who did not want to speak on the record confirm to Somaliland Chronicle that students will be complete exams for all 10 subjects in one sitting.
Prior to COVID-19 pandemic, high school exams were conducted over a day period of one week. It is unclear the compounding effect of distance learning and the condensed exam schedule will affect student’s performance for the 2019 – 2020.
8th-grade students have been exempted from the exam due to COVID-19 and the logistics involved in distancing students and the shortage that would cause in exam locations. According to the ministry, their grades will be based on their 7th-grade exam performance.
Minister Diriye who has appointed by President Bihi in December 2019 has made significant structural changes to his portfolio although he has recently reappointed his predecessor and others as advisors despite their removal for incompetency and allegation of widespread corruption.
For the third time in its 30 years existence, Somaliland has once more restarted talks with Somalia this time with an inexplicable urgency and following a now apparent behind the curtain talks between Somaliland and Somalia leadership. Boom – President Bihi is all of a sudden flying off to Djibouti to sit across from Farmajo with the world listening. At least that is how the talks were supposed to be different this time around.
Off to a good start, President Bihi gave a speech about how Somaliland came to be. The bloodshed that its people suffered under the brutal Siad Barre dictator. The public was giving a collective standing ovation to the team and how well the talks are going so far, but then a string of conflicting and confusing messages that the negotiations have broken down streamed from Djibouti. An impasse and Somaliland’s delegation may be coming home.
The public is ecstatic that the team led by President Bihi is so fierce that they will walk away from the negotiating table, but in reality, the talks were still pressing on despite members of the delegation telling the media that the negotiations have hit a dead end. The emotional roller-coaster continues.
When it was all over, a statement issued from Djibouti with the words “between the two countries” was the latest catnip the public was gorging on before they lined the streets of the capital to get a glimpse of the hero who made it all happen perched on top of a Land Cruiser with his fist raised to the heavens.
President Bihi returned to a hero’s welcome from Djibouti summit
Unfortunately, the festive environment was not meant to last as the mood was immediately dampened by a word semantics in the form of competing versions of the communique but the real issues lie in the meeting’s essence and its central themes to which the two parties agreed upon. Whiplash!
Despite President Bihi’s speech which was the most memorable among the other speakers at the summit and completely overshadowed meek Farmajo whose remarks were just an elongated “thank you” to Abiy Ahmed, the Somaliland delegation made the biggest fumble by not insisting on having the issue of separation of the two countries as a central theme of the negotiation.
So now that we made you relive the emotional roller-coaster from the summit, we want to bring your attention to a central question that no one seems to be asking or answering: What exactly did Somaliland gain from the summit? Nothing, but it has lost even more ground for the fight to disentangle itself from Somalia.
Why “Free Movement of People” is bad for Somaliland?
It is a security disaster in the making
One of the articles that Somaliland agreed to at the summit is the free movement of people between Somaliland and Somalia, an issue raised by the Somalia delegation and incidentally one of the items that almost caused the talks to collapse.
Article 2 of the agreement between Somaliland and Somalia.
Subsequent communiqués have gotten the public riled up on this particular item and the government has been unsuccessful in explaining how a potential mass migration from Somalia could benefit them.
The Somaliland government’s principal argument is that “people have always moved freely between the two countries before” and that it is nothing new. In that case, why is freedom of movement so important to the Somalia delegation?
On Independence day occasion President Bihi weighed in to swing back the public opinion about the summit and the free movement issue and added even more confusion stating that visas will be required for groups such as football teams and doubling down on the weak argument that people always moved freely between the two countries.
While everyone is focused on high profile personalities, football clubs, artists, and singers visiting Somaliland, an a critical aspect of the movement that seems to be glossed over by all is the security implication mass migration from Somalia will have on Somaliland, especially the ordinary people.
What made it difficult for terrorist groups such as Al-Shabaab from Somalia to infiltrate and take root in Somaliland is the fact that it is hard to blend in with Somaliland society and to a large extent, the public has helped to assist law enforcement in identifying terror suspects.
Comparatively, Al-Shabaab has been very successful in embedding itself in every aspect of life in Somalia and free movement provides them ample opportunity to position assets in Somaliland to not only attack targets inside Somaliland but Ethiopia which they see as an archenemy and Djibouti, home of America’s largest military base in Africa.
With Somaliland acting as a buffer, both countries have been safe from large-scale terrorist attacks. The freedom of movement between Somaliland and Somalia is very harmful to their security.
Expansion at Berbera Port by DP World
Berbera Port managed by DP World and multiple daily flights from Somaliland also represents viable targets to Al-Shabaab that could set Somaliland back decades in terms of development and reputation as a secure and peaceful nation.
Do Somaliland’s security services and intelligence have the technical capability to track and monitor hundreds of terror suspects simultaneously? Or could they trust NISA with its known ties to Al-Shabaab to share intel and help vet suspects? No matter how rife the Somali government is with a terrorist infestation, Somaliland will have no choice but to collaborate with it on security matters.
Mass migration between Somaliland and Somalia does not mean all Somalis coming across are terrorists, but what it does is create a golden opportunity for Al-Shabaab to gain even more fertile ground to bring more carnage and have easier access to attack Ethiopia and Djibouti.
Ambassador Yamamoto with Head of US Africa Command General Townsend in Mogadishu
In every previous round of negotiation with Somalia, Somaliland lost something precious such as its airspace, but this time it is about to lose its peace and security as a result of allowing unfettered and uncontrolled mass migration with Somalia.
Somaliland gains nothing from an unfettered and uncontrolled mass migration or integration with Somalia and what President Bihi and the Somaliland delegation have agreed to are potentially the most destabilizing factor to Somaliland’s and the peace and security of the entire region.
Hubris and lack of excellent advisors are President Bihi’s Achilles heel. He may have just opened the gates of hell.
Somaliland Chronicle is responsible for the content of this editorial.
Somaliland’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Hon. Yasin Hagi Mohamoud Hiir (Faratoon) has falsely characterized the Somaliland airspace co-management as a simple clerical error contradicting article 5 of the agreement he signed on behalf of Somaliland in Djibouti.
Minister Faratoon was speaking to the media following an uproar on the latest communiqué issued by Djibouti on the summit between Somaliland and Somalia.
Article 5 of the agreement between Somaliland and Somalia.
The fifth article of the agreement signed between the two countries at the summit only refers to Somaliland’s airspace and not the entire airspace of Somaliland and Somalia or what was previously known as the Somali Republic.
Mr. Farhan Aden Haybe. Current Chairman of the Civil Service Commission and former Aviation Minister
Somaliland’s previous Ministers of Aviation Mohamoud Hashi and Mr. Farhan Haybe have given conflicting statements on what was agreed up on with Somalia on previous rounds of talks between the two countries.
It is unclear if either minister have officially contested transfer of airspace control to Somalia by ICAO.
Despite public enthusiasm and President Bihi’s return to a hero’s welcome from the meeting, public opinion in Somaliland on the talks with Somalia have soured with the emergence of the latest version of the communiqué. So far, the actual agreement between the two countries have not been publicly disclosed by either Somaliland or Somalia governments.
According to diplomatic sources in Djibouti, the United States Ambassador is pressing Somaliland to accept the unresolved issue involving free movement of people between the two countries. A point, Somaliland delegation did not accept at the summit.
Sources add that the United States Ambassador Donald Yamamoto has contacted the President of Somaliland HE Muse Bihi Abdi to accept the insertion of a murky article about free movement of people between the countries including Somaliland politicians currently based in Mogadishu. Sources indicate that President Bihi has outright rejected the suggested language.
A Communiqué released by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Djibouti has a compromised version of the language that allows movement of people for non-political reasons. It is not yet entirely clear if the Somali Federal Government or Ambassador Yamamoto will accept it.
The language in the new Communiqué states “The two sides also agreed not to impede non-political social engagement (cultural, academic, sports and trade) in order to promote peace and dialogue between Somalia and Somaliland.”
Below is the full Communiqué released by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Djibouti who hosted the latest talks between Somaliland and Somalia.
According to Mr. Pratt’s Certificate of Competency published by the State Department, Mr. Pratt is a career US diplomat who has held high level positions in US embassies in Pakistan, Republic of Congo, Sudan, Angola and Jordan and is a fluent speaker of Chinese, Arabic, French, Spanish and Portuguese.
According to diplomatic sources based in the region, the current US Ambassador to Djibouti Mr. Larry Edward André is slated to replace Mr. Donald Yamamoto as the US Ambassador to Somalia. Other sources who attended the Djibouti Somaliland/Somalia talks who on condition of anonymity confirm that Mr. Yamamoto whose three year term is not up will be replaced soon.
Asked for confirmation that Ambassador Yamamto is on his way out, Spokesman for the United States Embassy in Somalia currently based in Nairobi said “Ambassadors must be nominated by the President and then confirmed by the Senate. None of that has occurred. Ambassador Yamamoto is still the Ambassador to Somalia.”
Although not yet confirmed, the current US Ambassador in Djibouti who has previously served as the Director of the Office of the Special Envoy for Sudan and South Sudan a case that has many parallels to the issues at the heart of the dispute between Somaliland and Somalia.
Ambassador Donald Yamamoto and Somali President Mr. Mohamed Abdillahi Farmajo
Prior to his posting to the Somalia Embassy, Mr. Yamamoto has been the Ambassador in many countries in the Horn of African including Djibouti.
Under Ambassador Yamamoto, the US Embassy in Somalia has adopted a one Somalia policy and had little to no dealings with the government of Somaliland. Somaliland, on its part has been quietly complaining about Mr. Yamamoto’s close relationship with Mr. Mohamed Abdillahi Farmajo and Villa Somalia.
Somaliland is politically an isolated state after it lost its independence and reunited with the Italian-Somalia on July 1, 1960. The country suffered huge political and economic losses when Somaliland representative politicians of Mohamed H. Ibrahim Egal and his fellows voluntarily handed over the dream of millions of Somalilanders to their same ethnic Somalis in the south. However, the reunion with southern Somalia came after the need to reunite all five Somaliland regions of Djibouti, Northern Frontier District (presently North Eastern Province, Kenya), and Reserve Area (Ethiopia) that were colonized by the different colonial powers of the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. Unfortunately, only the British Somaliland Protectorate and Italian Somalia united due to the existing diplomatic pressure that left Djibouti under French colony, merged NFD and Reserve Area with greater Kenya and Ethiopia.
Since then, Somaliland suffered ethnic cleansing, brutal killings, economic embargo, human rights violations, jailing of elites, politicians, and influential persons. Siad Barre overthrew the democratically elected government in 1969 in a military coup that was facilitated by unknown foreign powers. President Sharmarke was murdered and Prime Minister Egal who was from the northern regions (previously, British Somaliland Protectorate) was sentenced to jail that lasted twenty years (Mohamed, 2017).
The authoritarian government launched cruel revolutionary acts, preached haterate, and targeted the northern (Somaliland) and eastern regions of President Sharmarke and Prime Minister Egal. However, in Somaliland alone, “Between 1987 and 1989, the regime of Somali dictator Siad Barre massacred an estimated 200,000 members of the Isaaq tribe, the largest clan group in the northwest part of Somalia” (Einashe & Kennard, 2018). Besides, The New York Times had reported, “More than 300,000 Somali refugees, fleeing civil war, have walked across the Ethiopian border” (Perlez, 1988).
The ill-minded and cruel regime continued massacring of the northern ethnic tribes of Isaaq and this resulted formation of the Somali National Movement (SNM) in Saudi Arabia and London in 1981. Diaspora, elites, politicians and fled army officers launched a massive campaign against Siad Barre regime and this speeded up the establishment of rebel and guerrilla forces in neighboring Ethiopia that had land and political disputes with the Somali regime since 1964. Siad Barre responded to this SNM and its member tribes with ethnic cleansing, genocide and targeted massacre that left half a million people deaths, sexual abuse and human right violations.
Reinl (2014) of Aljazeera English found, “As many as 200,000 people were buried in mass graves in the 1980s under Somali dictator Mohamed Siad Barre”. In addition, Einashe and Kennard, 2018 as cited in Amnesty International stated, the Siad Barre regime committed “widespread arbitrary arrests, ill-treatment and summary executions, and torture of those suspected of collaborating with the SNM. They found that those who opposed the Barre regime were gathered, bound, and taken to places like the Valley of Death where they were shot and buried in unmarked graves”.
Furthermore, the Siad Barre Government has “denied diplomats and relief officials, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, access to the north of the country. Journalists have been denied visas into Somalia. Somali National Movement” (Perlez, 1988).
Nevertheless, SNM fighters of mainly Isaaq and none Isaaq’s of Gadabursi and Dhulbahante clan members strongly resisted Siad Barre’s atrocities and massive killings of women, children and elderly people from the north, and attacked Somaliland territories and cities of Hargeisa, Berbera, and Burao to end the cruel regime killings and massacre of the northern ethnic tribes. Luckily, SNM fighters occupied most of the Somaliland territory in 1988. Three years later and in 1991, the Somali government collapsed because of increased armed resistance from the southern, northern, and middle regions formed rebel fighters. In May 1991, Somaliland regained its land control, announced sovereignty, and broke away from the rest of greater Somalia that united on July 1, 1960.
For the past 29 years, Somaliland had enjoyed sustained peace, growing democracy, and made fruitful conflict resolution among the Somaliland tribes to ensure and maintain unity. Moreover, Somaliland managed to hold free and fair presidential, parliamentary and local councils elections and voted for the constitution that ended up 97% to become an independent state in 2002. On top of that, Somaliland re-built the economic and education sectors for the past two decades. According to the International Crisis Group (2003), “Somaliland’s hybrid system of tri-party democracy and traditional clan-based governance has enabled the consolidation of state-like authority, social and economic recovery and, above all, relative peace and security”.
Unlikely, Somalia had its challenges of conflicting political parts, rebel armed functions, piracy, terrorism, AMISOM, and UN-backed weak governments since 1991 even though the International community had poured millions of taxpayers’ money to bring conflict resolution, long-lasting and sustained peace in Somalia. Besides, “After the complete collapse of state institutions in 1991, Somalia represents one of the world’s most protracted cases of statelessness. The on-going civil war, tensions between traditional clans, and recurring famine ensure that the prospects for political stability remain bleak” (Rahman, 2017 as cited in Stiftung, 2016).
Therefore, since 2012, the EU, UK, and Turkey attempted to bring Somalia and Somaliland government on the table to discuss their future. Unfortunately, all of those meetings ended up with no results as the consecutive Federal Governments of Somalia neglected to fulfill the agreed communiques and points including aid and aviation management. On the other hand, the Somaliland government is optimistic to continue political dialogue with neighboring Somalia. From their side, the International Community brokers continuation of these political dialogues to reach an agreement on the most conflicting points including Somaliland’s future and sovereignty while “lingering tensions could threaten regional stability” (International Crisis Group, 2019).
Concisely, Somaliland’s position is clear, and it is to get international recognition from the entire world ‘including’ the African Union, EU, UK, and the USA as seen from the Somaliland President Mr. Bihi’s speech. Furthermore, these talks initiated in Djibouti and brokered by the Ethiopian Prime Minister and US Embassy in Mogadishu in June 2020 are time-consuming and President Farmajo who is in his last six months in office is not diplomatically open to pave the way Somaliland to continue its long-lasted democratic way of living. Therefore, Somaliland should think wisely and stick on its position as Dr. Adna Adam said, “there is no going back and there is no re-union”.
Khalid Sahid is a political analyst living in Burao, Somaliland. He holds dual Master’s Degree and majored in Development Studies, and Advanced Education from Mount Kenya University and University of the People of Kenya and the USA respectively. He is currently working as a consultant for international NGOs.
Disclaimer: The viewpoints expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the opinions, viewpoints of Somaliland Chronicle and it’s staff.
Somaliland – Somalia talks taking place in Djibouti since June 14th have hit an impasse according to Somaliland’s Minister of Livestock and Fisheries Hon. Saeed Sulub who spoke to the media a short while ago.
“it is true that the talks have collapsed, the folks we met were not serious, clueless and lacked basic understanding of what was being discussed” Minister Sulub said.
He added “They want tie our sovereignty to international aid and politicize it”, the minister also discussed a freedom of movement for politicians proposed by the Somalia team that Somaliland delegation at the meeting rejected saying that accepting it would essentially means Somaliland’s acceptance of becoming a regional administration of Somalia.
A key point in a communique on the talks issued by the Djibouti government stated that the two sides agreed not to politicize aid and development.
Despite rosy expectation and adulation from many in the international community on the resumption of the stalled Somaliland/Somalia talks, this is the second time a member of Somaliland’s delegation has assessed the talks to be a complete failure.
President of the Republic of Somaliland HE Muse Bihi Abdi is still in Djibouti, although it is unclear if he is personally participating any of the negotiation rounds or if he is directing the Somaliland team.
President Bihi’s address at the opening of the talks in which he reiterated Somaliland’s sovereignty and the atrocities committed against its people by the Somali regime was widely received in Somaliland.
Sources add that President of Djibouti Mr. Ismail Omar Guelleh and the United Ambassador to Somalia Mr. Donald Yamamoto are trying to salvage the talks.
Efforts to reach Somaliland delegation or Ambassador Yamamoto for further comments were unsuccessful.
By Ambassador Bashe Awil, Somaliland Representative to Kenya
In August 2018, Somaliland President Musa Bihi appointed me to come and head the Liaison office in Nairobi. My previous mission was in the United Arab Emirates where I played a similar role as head of the embassy in Dubai.
In Nairobi, part of my mission is to work towards strengthening the ties between Kenya and Somaliland which have been cordial since the pre independence days when we were both under the British colonial rule.
During the period I have served in Nairobi, I have come to appreciate the good working relationship the Kenya government and my country has despite the obvious stumbling block occasioned by the fact that Somaliland remains virtually unrecognized internationally.From culture, education, trade and social issues, Kenya and Somaliland are joined on the hip making the two countries able to work with each other and supplement the other
On paper, Kenya, just like many other states does not recognize Somaliland, but beyond the political radar, Kenyans accept and appreciate the existence of Somaliland as an independent state.The fact that we have a liaison office in Kenya that acts as a link between the two countries is testimony enough that Kenya recognises the existence of Somaliland.
It is for this reason, I have engaged in a vigorous shuttle diplomacy within the Kenyan government not only to acquaint myself with my hosts but also to implore on the Kenyan government on the growing need to open a liaison office in our capital city, Hargeisa. I have met the ministry of foreign affairs officials in Nairobi and together we share the same opinion that a Kenyan mission in Somaliland will cement the great ties the two countries have had.
Kenya’s former Prime Minister and African Union special envoy, Raila Odinga is one of the top leaders here who have shown total support to “free Somaliland.”Odinga has been leading calls for the recognition of Somaliland as an independent state and we see him as a valuable partner in the quest for independence of Somaliland.His appointment as the Africa Union High Representative for Infrastructure Development in Africa was well received in Hargeisa.
Raila is quite aware of the role Somaliland plays not only in the economy of Kenya but also in this region.We are home to the largest number of Kenyans living and working in the Horn of Africa region. The Kenyans in Somaliland work in the education industry as teachers and lecturers, in the hotel industry, while others are working as doctors and nurses and in the Information Technology sector.
We also have a huge number of businessmen and investors in our country. Most of these Kenyans have helped impart their skills to our people and are helping in building our young economy. These Kenyans in Somaliland are also supporting their families back home in Kenya hence contributing to the Kenyan economy.
These Kenyans need representation especially when they undergo challenges in their course of duty like for instance the current COVID-19 era where countries are either repatriating their nationals or monitoring their well being through their embassies and high commissions in different nations.And there are other many areas Kenya and Somaliland can work together for the benefit of their citizens.
We have previously worked together on improving security in a region that had earned a negative reputation of terrorism and piracy perpetrated by the Al Shabab and youth from neighbouring Somalia.
While I cannot confidently say the war against terrorism has been won, we have managed to control previous cases of piracy in the Horn of Africa. Our cooperation can see trade between the two countries grow. We are in the process of expanding the Port of Berbera which once complete will be one of the most modern in the region.
While in the UAE, I played a key role in convincing the DP World to come and invest in Berbera where we are also building a free market akin to that in Dubai. My role in Kenya is to encourage investors to venture in Somaliland.
We have held two conferences in Kenya other the last two years where we invited the private and public sector players in Kenya to showcase Somaliland’s potential.
With Kenya also expanding the Lamu Port, the two countries can supplement each other in trade between the two ports and beyond. Somaliland economy is booming, yet we have had to import most agricultural commodities from the middle east. An interesting fact is most of the produce like fruits and vegetables that we import from the middle east are originally from Kenya. We therefore do not need to look to the middle east yet we can get what we need from here.Further, with a more solid partnership, we can promote educational and health tourism. As things stand now, our people are forced to seek further education and medical attention in Europe and the middle east yet they can access the same facilities in Kenya.
There has been plans to have the Kenya Airways making a direct flight to Hargeisa. Officials of the Kenyan airline and government representatives have been to the Somaliland capital and made recommendations but implementation is yet to be done.
This has denied the KQ the much needed revenue because passengers have had to connect through Addis Ababa with the Ethiopian Airline which operates two flights a day to Hargeisa from Nairobi.Kenya is respected across the continent and beyond for its democracy and strong international policy. Should Kenya recognize Somaliland, the rest of Africa and especially the African Union will have no alternative.A recognized Somaliland will play an even bigger role in promoting peace in the Horn of Africa.
