Misplaced Priority: Why the Ministry of Communication and Technology Spent $580,000 on a Publicity Stunt

September 15, 2020

On August 31st, the Ministry of Communication and Technology unveiled the latest sophisticated equipment from signals intelligence firm TCI International to manage Somaliland’s airwaves or spectrum. According to the Minister, Dr. Abdiweli Abdulahi Sufi, this makes Somaliland the 27th country in Africa to have the ability to manage its airwaves.

The star of the well-attended ceremony was the TCI Model 737 installed on a V8 Toyota Land Cruiser with its directional antenna extended as a cadre of government ministers looked on in amazement.

TCI International specializes in spectrum monitoring, radio-frequency, and signal geolocation. Its core competency is what is known as SIGINT or communications intelligence and has supplied both civilian and military agencies for decades.

According to the minister whom we spoke to for this report, the procurement of the TCI 737 system is the part of the ministry’s effort to regulate the telecom sector and will enable the Ministry of Communication and Technology to enforce the Telecom Sites Regulations.

The Telecom Sites Regulation is the legislation that governs all aspects of telecom sites such as distance from populated areas, range, height, and infrastructure sharing. He added that it would enable the ministry to assess the fees of using the airwaves. He estimates that 80% of Somaliland’s airwaves are in use.

There have been public complaints and fear of adverse health effects from the cellular towers and their placement and proximity to residential areas throughout Somaliland cities where each carrier has its cell site rather than sharing resources.

At the unveiling ceremony, the Minister stated that this should put an end to public complaints about the health hazards of the numerous towers in urban areas and give the ministry the ability to measure the power output from cellular towers with great precision. He added that his ministry would take appropriate legal actions against anyone making allegations without proof.

At the outset, all looks well as the Ministry of Communication and Technology seems to be taking steps in the right direction to regulate the telecom sector with a mix of robust legislation and the purchase of a world-class spectrum monitoring system but the main issue with this approach is the prohibitive cost of the system and that fact that the government can only afford just one of these systems at the moment.

How much did the TCI 737 Spectrum Management Cost?

Can its cost be justified?

According to Somaliland’s government records reviewed by Somaliland Chronicle, and corroborated by the Minister, Dr. Abdiweli the TCI 737 spectrum management system has cost an eye-watering 4,932,000,000 Somaliland shilling or roughly $580,000 US dollars.

Despite evidence to the contrary, the Minister asserted that 60% of the expenditure was paid from the fiscal year 2019 where the remaining 40% came from the 2020 budget.

60% of $580,000 US dollars would still account for 23% of the ministry’s meager budget of roughly 1.5 million US dollars for 2019.

One of the main issues with the acquisition of the single TCI 737 mobile spectrum management system is the fact that it is a single unit and logistically enforcing the ministry’s Telecom Sites Regulations across Somaliland would be nearly impossible.

Asked how a single system can enforce the Telecom Sites Regulation across the country, the minister stated “Since purchasing a complete Spectrum Management System that can cover the entire country is expensive, and we cannot afford to acquire it once, we plan to implement a full functional Spectrum Management System in stages. That means our plan is to get more system units of both mobile and fixed ones that can cover all the six regions in the country for the future.”

Other Priorities: Postal Service, Carrier Interconnectivity, Secure Critical Infrastructure

When asked why the Ministry chose to prioritize this costly system over other areas in its purview such as a functioning postal service in Somaliland, the Minister cited budget as one of the impediments and claimed that the postal service is functional to a certain degree and delivers over 1000 parcels for the Somaliland government agencies in the capital.

Another recent promise by the Ministry of Communication and Technology is the implementation of an e-government system, and when asked about it, the Minister stated “Regarding the e-government project, many tasks are going on internally, and we will share updated information for the public through the media at a suitable time. The Ministry is working on the Spectrum Management and e-government simultaneously.“

Another major issue for the public has been the lack of interconnectivity between carriers in Somaliland, the two major cellphone carriers Telesom and Somtel are unwilling to open their networks for each other.

“This question is related to what is called Telecom Services Interconnection. The main challenge is the tough competition between the two leading operators in the country. Their competition covers every side in the telecom, like pricing, subsidization, and the infrastructure. By taking those factors into consideration, the Ministry has developed Interconnection Regulations and roadmap that will guide the telecom interconnection. Similarly, the Ministry has brought together both Telecom operators and has hosted negotiations between the operators to solve issues and start interconnection service. The parties conducted several meetings at the Ministry premises. Therefore, the Ministry is working to enable this service to the Somaliland population soon.” the Minister said regarding carrier interconnectivity.

A blind spot for the Somaliland government and the ministry is oversight of national critical infrastructure. Despite the monumental significance of The ZAAD and e-Dahab electronic currency owned by the telecom companies to Somaliland and its financial sector’s basic functioning, the ministry has no oversight role from a strictly technical sense in the availability and security of these systems to minimize risk to the economy.

The ZAAD system has experienced intermittent outage in the past and earlier this month. There has been no official explanation of the root cause and no impact report to assess the economic price tag of these outages.

The Ministry of Communication and Technology has failed to institute any semblance of order and oversight on dozens of systems in various government entities some built with the help of aid agencies and others in a vacuum. The majority of these systems lack basic security to help protect public data.

After meeting with @StuartBrownFCO and #Somaliland Ministry of Justice, we can announce expansion of our judicial case management system to Hargeisa Prison, Custodial Corps, & MoJ planning dept. This uses #UKaid to improve access to justice & strengthen the rule of law in country pic.twitter.com/0xoOYc3jUV
— Axiom International Ltd (@AxiomIntLtd) September 18, 2019

Past Allegation of Spying

There is no evidence the Ministry of Communication and Technology intends to aid in any effort that may lead to mass surveillance of public communication, although there have been past allegations when it purchased the Telecom supervision (TSS) system for Telecom Revenue Assurance back in 2018.

The Minister, Dr. Abdiweli Abdulahi Sufi testifying in front of the parliament, gave a lengthy explanation that taxes paid by telecom operators are not accurate, and the government has no choice but to accept figures submitted by the telecom companies. He stated this platform would enable the government to significantly enhance tax collection by assessing the actual taxes owed by these companies.

He stated that the equipment, once plugged into the telecom carriers’ network, will generate a file known as CDR or Call data Record. A CDR file contains granular metadata of a customer’s communication including the length of the call, tower relaying the call, starting, and receiving numbers.

Although the carriers have not yet accepted the integration of this system into their networks, the system is functioning according to the Minister.

The question whether the TCI 737 spectrum management system is capable of spying on the public was posed to the Minister by Mr. Sidiq Birmid of the BBC Somali Service and the minister answered with a simple no.

According to a source from the Ministry of Communication and Technology who spoke to us on strict conditions of anonymity, “There is an inherent pressure on government officials especially ministers to show they are doing work but in this case, we have purchased a Ferrari and have no roads to drive it on. It is not hard to know where every tower and we know were most are but the system [TCI 737] is a fantastic shiny object to dazzle the old guys at the helm and be another expensive relic that people will forget about soon.“.

He added “There is no denying that the telecom companies wield huge political clout which may explain why the Dr. Abdiweli and is defaulting to buying expensive tools to generate data that is already available at the telcos and the public and especially the government is entitled to with the right regulations in place. Remember, we bought equipment in 2018 to figure out the taxes they actually owe, and they simply refused to connect it to their system. End of the story. The missing ingredients seem to be the political will and robust regulation to gain this information to bring them into compliance”.

The Ministry of Communications and Technology is not the only government agency that over-promises and under-delivers as minimum consideration are given to the effectiveness of a project as opposed to the positive publicity its announcement will generate.

Although regulation of the telecom industry in Somaliland is a priority and the TCI 737 acquisition by the Ministry of Communication and Technology may help bring some order to the chaos, the single system that cost Somaliland taxpayers $580,000 US dollars may be nothing more than a proof of concept or an expensive publicity stunt.

Somaliland Parliament set to Vote on Election Bill and Gender Quota

Staff

September 12, 2020

The current Somaliland parliament has been in office for 15 years due to elections postponed several times. Elections were scheduled to be last year on 27 March and were postponed ones again by the Electoral Commission. On July 12, 2020, the three political parties made an agreement to finally hold parliamentary elections in late 2020. However, the Electoral Commission has yet to announce the exact dates.

Members of parliament have been in discussion on the Election Bill for the upcoming elections last week and on Monday announced that they will vote on it Saturday’s session, September 12, 2020.

One of the most important articles of this bill is “Gender Quota”. Women and minority groups have been particularly disadvantaged in Somaliland politics where tribal dynamics and numbers play a major role in elections. The quota although not specifically codified in the constitution, will give women and minority groups fair representation in Somaliland’s legislator.

There has been a vibrant public debate about the treatment of minority groups and the role of women in politics, where politicians and imams have spoken on the issues.

Setting up a quota for women and minority groups have been in the works for a while and President Bihi and his cabinet have approved a quota allocating 21 seats for women and minority clans in June 2018. Similarly, all three political parties have expressed support for the quota.

During the discussion, some members’ of Parliament raised that the constitution guarantees equal opportunity for political office as a reason why setting a quota for women and minority groups might be unconstitutional.

It’s important to note that many members of parliament endorsed the quota and stressed the importance of approving it to ensure women and minority clans have access and representation in the political and decision-making arenas.

Mr. Abdiqadir Jirde an MP and a senior member of the Waddani opposition party stated that there is no religious edict that prevents women from participating in politics.

There is a lot at stake for women and minority groups regarding tomorrow’s vote on the Election Bill and although there is wide support for the quota for women and minority groups and although many members of Somaliland parliament have expressed support, it is unclear if women and minority quota will be approved as originally suggested by President Bihi and his cabinet.

Trafigura Conglamorate to become Somaliland’s Exclusive Petroleum Products Supplier

Staff

September 7, 2020

On September 2nd, the oil tanker MT Omair docked in Berbera port to unload 14,000 metric tons of diesel into Berbera oil terminals. According to Somaliland government officials, this is the largest shipment of fuel to ever arrive in Somaliland.

According to the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Tourism Hon. Mohamoud Hassan Saad (Saajin), the shipment of diesel belongs to Trafigura – an energy trading multinational conglomerate called and will resell the shipment to the fuel traders who previously imported their supplies individually.

the Minister of Commerce Hon. Mohamoud Hassan Saad (Saajin) stated that this is another major milestone in Somaliland’s effort to attract major companies to come and invest in the country and added that Trafigura as a company is larger than DP World.

Explaining Trafigura’s role in becoming Somaliland’s fuel supplier, the Minister of Commerce Hon. Mohamoud Hassan Saad (Saajin) stated that the company will be modernizing the fuel storage facility in Berbera.

The fuel market in Somaliland has been highly fragmented and subject to wild price swings and there has been an instance where contaminated fuel shipment affected thousands of vehicles.

When the ship arrived initially in Berbera, a different account of who owns the fuel was given to the media by the Berbera Port Manager Mr. Hassan Saeed Berbera oil terminals manager Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim (Embassy), both stated that the fuel delivered by MT. Omair was purchased by the Ethiopian government while the rest belongs to the Somaliland government.

Although it was widely speculated in the past few months that the Berbera Oil Terminals will be leased to Trafigura, this is the first time the Somaliland government has confirmed its deal with the multinational conglomerate’s take over of the Berbera fuel storage facilities and become Somaliland’s sole provider of petroleum products.

In August 2018, Somaliland President HE Muse Bihi Abdi has renationalized a number of assets that were managed by private companies. Berbera Oil Terminals previously managed by Berbera Oil Group was one of them.

It is unclear how long the government has been in talks with Trafigura to supply fuel to Somaliland and takeover the Berbera Oil Terminals but government officials have mentioned that the Somaliland government intends to import fuel and supply it to existing traders. It is unclear if the Trafigura deal is related to these previous statements.

There is no evidence that the agreement with Trafigura to manage Berbera Oil Terminals and supply fuel to Somaliland as announced by the Minister of Commerce Hon. Mohamoud Hassan Saad (Saajin) was ratified or approved by the Somaliland Parliament. In comparison, the deal with DP World to manage Berbera Port was ratified by parliament.

Trafigura has a checkered past and has had a number of scandals over the years, it has been found guilty of dumping toxic waste in Côte d’Ivoire that according to the government said claimed 16 lives and affected thousands with a multitude of health ailments. The company has since settled with the case with an undisclosed payout to 31,000 victims.

The Guardian reported in May that the company’s oil trading division may be under investigation for alleged market manipulation and corruption related to its oil trading activities.

**Singapore New Silk Somaliland Energy CO LTD** and Somaliland government officials break ground on oil refinary in Berbera.

The Somaliland government has in the past entered into agreements with shady or non-existence companies. Singapore New Silk Somaliland Energy CO LTD was one of those companies that the Somaliland government announced a major deal to build an oil refinery in Berbera and employ 400 National Service graduates. More than a year after the announcement, there is no activity on the supposed refinery.

It is unclear how much due diligence the Somaliland government has done to consider its dealings with Trafigura.

Officials from the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism as well as Berbera Oil Terminal and Port Authority did not return calls for details on the specifics of the agreement with Trafigura, the fuel it will import into Somaliland and its use of the oil terminal.

Somaliland’s State of Energy

Staff

September 6, 2020

SLPA Q3 Analytical Op-Ed- by Engineer Abdisamed Artan

Developing countries have one large need limiting their ability to progress and advance – access to affordable, reliable, and clean energy. After all, companies and societies cannot thrive sustainably without access to reasonable electricity and petroleum products. While this pressing issue happens in developing countries around the world, one prime example is Somaliland, where electricity and petroleum products are priced higher than those in their peer countries.

Somaliland has been a government for almost 30 years, after dissolving its union unilaterally with Somalia in 1991. Even with almost 30 years to work out some of the problems associated with being their own independent country, they still struggle in several ways. Both Somaliland and Somalia currently have one thing in common compared to their peers in the region – a lack of affordable energy.

Electricity prices are some of the highest across the world, peaking at a dollar per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, in Ethiopia, Kenya and the US the average cost is 1, 22, and 14 cents per kilowatt-hour respectively. For low-income families and small businesses, where the average household salary is less than $4 per day, the impact can prove crippling. For most, it is practically impossible to even consider paying for electricity.

In fact, despite Somaliland having substantial energy resources – primarily wind, solar, oil, and natural gas – consumption per capita is among the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is due to the prohibitively high cost compared to the average income and an overall lack of local/diaspora investment. While primary energy demand in Africa in 2018 was just over 800 Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe), demand in other parts of the world was much higher. Demand for oil alone was approximately 3.1 million barrels per day (mb/d) in all of Africa, coming in higher than the 2.8 mb/d of the Middle East and 3.0 mb/d in China but lower than the 4.3 mb/d in India. The entire continent is actually expanding low levels of oil, but primarily that demand comes from countries that are much larger and more developed than Somaliland.

Like many other post-conflict zones, the energy mix in Somaliland is dictated by a short-term, localized outlook. Private operators set up diesel-based mini-grids with a small combination of solar power systems without batteries that require limited infrastructure investment. The operational overhead is much higher than renewables or gas-fired power plants, but the returns are immediate and more attractive. In comparison, the return on investment for a solar or wind plant is typically 10-12 years where a gas-fired power plant is 15-17 years.

Although these local energy sector operators are well established on their ‘turf,’ they tend to lack the capacity to implement large renewables and power plant installations that would significantly lower electricity prices for the citizens of Somaliland. Engaging with these local, well-connected operators and finding a way around their limitations is a central, practical consideration for any investor’s success, but it is not as simple as it might seem. In fact, it is exceedingly complex to overrun the two big players in the current market. The most significantly prohibitive issues that will deter any investor from entering this area are: limited regulation & oversight of the sector, monopoly distribution control, acute shortage of qualified staff, generation & distribution losses (up to 40%) due to poor infrastructure and collection, and finally high electricity tariffs due in part to energy company inefficiencies.

Though a complete switch to renewables would be the ideal answer to cover Somaliland’s energy needs, the real-world answer will be much more complicated when the country achieves its dream of becoming an industrialized tech hub for the region. A balance between natural gas-powered plants and renewables will mitigate the risk of peak power demands and national security co-storage issues, as well as increasing diversity and relieving concerns of energy security.

Often lost in energy transition messaging, and admittedly difficult to appreciate in the present industry downturn caused by oversupply and lost demand due to COVID-19, is the critical role of oil and gas both in fulfilling current energy needs and in facilitating future change. Proposals for a sustainable future rely on electricity, but there seems to be a disconnect between that ideal and the realities of power generation where fossil fuels still play the predominant role.

Africa still sources more than two-thirds of its electricity from fossil fuels, with natural gas adding nearly 5% of that total and growing with every new gas-fired power plant. Solar and wind account for less than 7% of overall domestic needs, and new solutions like hydrogen are nonexistent in the world’s second largest continent. Simply put, a solution like electric vehicles won’t change the demand for oil and gas, it just shifts the burner tip from the car’s engine to the power plant two counties over.

As populations and economies grow, energy appetites persist with fossil fuels playing a lead role. This may not be ideal, and this may not be true forever. However, in the current situation, unless the quality of life is sacrificed or energy storage technologies significantly develop capacities that will store energy to power large scale industries and communities, it is a present necessity. The transition process is gradual, and we can’t focus only on the horizon lest we lose sight of what’s right in front of us and what is necessary today to move towards that goal.

For Somaliland to realize accelerated economic and industrial development, local and diaspora investment will be needed to build self-sustaining projects unlocking the full potential of domestic energy resources. Increased access and affordability of energy will then attract credible international investment looking to help Somaliland expand and develop. It will be hard to sell the idea to international investors to invest in Somaliland’s energy sector due to Somaliland still not being recognized on the global stage and the infrastructure needing to be built from scratch– which is not currently an option due to demand issues that can only be solved by tripling access in the next five to ten years.

About the Author:

Mr. Abdisamed Artan is a Petroleum Engineer based in Houston, Texas, and a member of the Somaliland Professionals Association of America (SLPA). He can be reached at aga5@rice.edu

Disclaimer: The viewpoints expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the opinions, viewpoints of Somaliland Chronicle, and its staff.

Notice: This article by Somaliland Chronicle is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Under this license, all reprints and non-commercial distribution of this work is permitted.

How to Govern Inefficiently: Necessary Travel or Tourist Ministers?

Staff

September 3, 2020

In this series, we will examine the impact of constant road trips by Somaliland government officials who often travel in large convoys to the furthest reaches of Somaliland to ‘supervise’ or cut the ribbon on a project.

While work-related travel is not at all unusual for any business including the government, in the Somaliland government it creates a level of disruption that keeps government agencies from reaching their full potential and closing the glaring gaps in public service delivery.

Ministers of Tourism?

In the last three months, almost all the Ministers in President Bihi’s cabinet have undertaken some sort of work-related travel within the country. Some, like the minister of Health Development, Hon Omar Ali Abdillahi travel more frequently and has been on the move for the last two months, crisscrossing the entire country in a convoy of 5 vehicles and more than 20 people entourage.

Below is the travel log of the Minister of Health Development Hon. Omar Ali Abdillahi.

Date	Destination
26-Aug	Berbera
24-Aug	Baki
24-Aug	Borama
15-Aug	Borama
3-Aug	Burao
19-Jul	Burao
18-Jul	Eil Afweyn
16-Jul	Erigavo
14-Jul	Eil Afweyn
12-Jul	Ainaba
12-Jul	Laasanod
11-Jul	Adhi Adeeye
12-Jul	Laasanod
9-Jul	Burao
8-Jul	Borama

Although every ministry employs an army of administrators at every region and district in Somaliland, for some reason, ministers and other government officials in Somaliland find it necessary to personally travel at times to break the ground of a new government project, hold a meeting with regional officials, supervise an ongoing work or simply attend a ribbon-cutting event.

The Minister of Health Development Hon. Omar Ali Abdillahi has traveled the entire country from coast to coast, perhaps justifiably due to COVID-19 pandemic, but what the Ministry has put out publicly on the Minister travel does not reveal a major restructuring, staff changes or reorganization of the Ministry that would require the Minister to embark on a two-month-long trip costing taxpayers tens of thousands of dollars.

After such a lengthy mission is undertaken by a government official, there is never a report that details the outcome of the travel and what was accomplished.

The Minister of Health Development Hon. Omar Ali Abdillahi is by no means the only one with extensive travel, the map above illustrates a fraction of the travels undertaken by government officials in the last two months.

Some trips posted by officials online do not seem to entail any work at all, while public resources and time are clearly being used. One such trip was undertaken by a delegation led by the Director-General of the Ministry of Education and Science Mr. Ahmed Abokor to Saadadin island. There are no inhabitants on the island and no schools.

Ministers or traditional elders?

Another reason that keeps government officials, especially ministers constantly traveling is their unofficial duty as peacemakers or tribal elders. Case in point, the Minister of Interior Affairs Hon. Mohamed Kahin Ahmed and a delegation of ministers have been in Sanaag for months as part of the government’s effort to prevent the tribal conflict that has plagued the region for years.

This is the second such trip by the Minister of Interior Mr. Mohamed Kahin Ahmed to Sanaag where he previously led a similar large delegation of ministers only for the violence to return.

At this very moment, the minister of Information and National Guidance Hon. Saleban Ali Kore and the minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Hon. Yasin Hagi Mohamoud Hiir (Faratoon) are in Sool working on resolving yet another tribal conflict.

It has been a common practice by successive Somaliland governments to send officials to their ancestral lands to work with traditional elders to solve conflicts and although generally successful and while a mission to bring peace and preserve life is an absolute necessity, these efforts fail to produce policies or studies on the underlying issues to help prevent future conflicts.

One may argue that government entities have the structural resilience and can function if the minister is away, after all that is the function of a deputy but unfortunately, many officials who spoke on background, describe the issue of delegation in many ministries as nonexistent. One described the process of a minister being away as a classroom without a teacher and that most of the work screeches to a halt.

One effect of constant trips by ministers are power vacuums were deputy ministers and director generals try to make as many changes as possible, issue directives, or even enter into new agreements while the minister is away.

The result is widespread conflict among government officials that is on full display on social media.

Just recently, the Minister of Justice Hon. Mustafe Mohamoud Ali Bile suspended the authorized signature of the Director-General Mr. Abdirahman Sh Hassan Ismail for widespread staff conflicts and overstepping his legal authority and signing agreements with private parties. It is worth noting that the Minister of Justice has been a way to Eil Afweyn for an extended period of time as part of Minister Kahin’s peace delegation.

The true Cost

Although some travels are necessary, especially the peacemaking ones undertaken by ministers, the truth is the majority of these travels are unnecessary and a simple conference call or video call which President Bihi has been using to convene his cabinet since COVID-19 would suffice.

So why do these officials travel? According to several sources, some current government officials who spoke to the condition of anonymity, local travel or hospitality is simply another method of misappropriating public funds without raising eyebrows.

Besides wasting taxpayer funds, the lasting effect of the constant traveling of government officials is the major disruption to the functioning of government agencies.

Somaliland government agencies spend hundreds of thousands of dollars in banquets and receptions in major hotels in 2019.

Civilian injured as Police Prevent Major Tribal Leader from Crossing into Somaliland

Staff

August 28, 2020

One civilian was injured today as Somaliland Police prevented the Chief Aqil of one of Somaliland’s main clans from entering Somaliland. Cellphone video shows heavy police deployment and sound of gunfire as an injured civilian was loaded onto an ambulance.

Although no official statement was released by the government on why Ugaas Abdirashiid Ugaas Roble was being prevented from entry into Somaliland via land crossing on the Ethiopian border, sources confirm that he was heading into Somaliland for the parliamentary seat allocation issue raised by Awdal representatives.

The Chairman of UCID party, speaking at an event stated that him and President Bihi discussed Ugaas Roble’s arrival and was agreed that he would be given the proper forum to discuss the parliamentary seat allocation issue but was unsure of what prompted the forceful prevention of his entry into Somaliland.

The Governor of Awdal Mr. Mohamed Ahmed Alin (Tiimbaro) who spoke to local television in Somaliland explained the reason for preventing Ugaas Abdirashid’s entry into Somaliland as due to unspecified disagreement among Chiefs.

Somaliland Constitutional court responded to a question sent to them by President Muse Bihi Abdi whether elections can proceed without settling the parliamentary seat allocation issue. The court ruled that elections can be held despite the previous ruling from 2005 that stated that elections can be held once and subsequent elections would require the resolution of this longstanding issue.

The legality of preventing Ugaas Abdirashid from entry into Somaliland is not clear and multiple government officials declined to respond to questions about who issued the order and why live fire was used by Police to disperse protesters.

The last Parliamentary elections were held in Somaliland 15 years and the current house’s term have been extended multiple times. The seat allocation dispute is one of the many hurdles that have caused election delays.

National Election Commission and Political Parties Agree to Hold Parliament and Local Council Elections in 9 Months

Staff

August 23, 2020

Somaliland National Election Commission and the three political parties agreed to hold Parliamentary and local council elections in 9 months. The agreement between the three political parties of UCID, Waddani, and Kulmiye follows a series of meetings to set the election date for the long-overdue parliament and local council elections. The last time parliamentary elections were held in Somaliland was in 2005.

According to a statement released by the National Elections Commission, one of the main tasks in the critical path to free and fair elections is voter registration.

There have been multiple breakdowns in negotiation between the political parties on holding elections on time and the selection of the current members of the National Election Commission. The chairman has been a lightning rod for opposition parties who accused him of close ties with the incumbent party of Kulmiye and an active campaigner for President Bihi’s election in 2017.

The NEC and the 3 national political parties( WADDANI, UCID & KULMIYE) finalized today their on going discussions regarding the time for the overdue joint elections of the House of Representatives and local govnts. They agreed elections to be held within nine months -May 2021. pic.twitter.com/R2NRbquv30
— Cabdiraxmaan Cirro (@CirroSL) August 23, 2020

Social media is saturated with posters of candidates for parliament and local councils across the country.

Multiple term extensions and failure to hold parliamentary and local council elections have been an issue for Somaliland’s reputation as a budding democracy in East Africa where free and fair elections are rare.

United States Congress Expresses Grave Concern Over Ethiopia’s Regression of Democratic Principles

Staff

August 22, 2020

In a scathing letter written to United States Secretary of State, Mr. Michael Pompeo by 20 members of the United States Congress expressed grave concern over the deteriorating security situation in Ethiopia.

The strongly worded letter addressed to Secretary Pompeo begins with “We write to convey our serious concerns about the recent unrest in Ethiopia. Reports of security force abuses, ethnic and religious violence, and the departure from democratic norms are alarming and have led to a more dangerous and unstable environment.” and urges him to engage with the Ethiopian government to prevent violence and protect civilians.

Ethiopian musician Haacaaluu Hundeessaa poses while dressed in a traditional costume during the 123rd anniversary celebration of the battle of Adwa in Addis Ababa. Photograph: Tiksa Negeri/Reuters

The latest spat of unrest that claimed the lives of hundreds of people in ethnic violence and security forces crackdown follows the killing of popular Oromo singer Hacaaluu Hundeessaa on June 29th in Addis Ababa.

Etiopias statsminister Abiy Ahmed er tildelt Nobels fredspris 2019.

The Ethiopian Prime Minister Mr. Abiy Ahmed was widely viewed as a reformer for his early steps of freeing political prisoners and working with regional leaders including Ethiopia’s long term enemy Eritrea on peace and reconciliation. As a result of his efforts, Mr. Abiy was awarded Nobel Price in 2019.

Areas of concern of Ethiopia’s current trajectory includes the regression of democratic values including the indefinite delay of elections and the imprisonment of political opponents.

The letter signed by the 20 congressmen to Secretary Pompeo questions Ethiopia’s long-term viability as a US strategic partner and an ally “An unstable Ethiopia with violence, ethnic division, and politically motivated prosecutions will be a less reliable partner for the United States and will fail to project our democratic values. Ethiopia’s current situation will create lasting and harmful instability if it is not addressed, undermining its future and U.S. interests.”

Ethiopia is one of the largest recipients of US aid in Africa with nearly a billion dollars of year allocated.

The letter urges Secretary Pompeo to work with the Ethiopian government, as well as political opposition and local activists, to call for and advance respect for basic human rights and democratic principles in Ethiopia, including by encouraging the following steps:

Dialogue with all political parties on a plan for rescheduling elections, and renewed efforts to ensure a free and fair pre-election environment;
An open internet and full freedom of speech for citizens, opposition parties, and the press; • A revision to the state of emergency measures to reflect international standards, to safeguard against abuse and ensure that they are time-bound and in force only as absolutely necessary;
• Respect for due process and a fair and fully transparent judicial process for all those arrested during the recent unrest;
A transparent and independent examination of human rights abuses reported by leading international groups and the media;
A denunciation of ethnic and religious violence across the country, including those who may have used the murder of Hacaaluu Hundeessaa as a pretext for targeting those from other communities;
A transparent and independent investigation into the murder of Hacaaluu Hundeessaa.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Responds to Somalia’s Condemnation of Somaliland – Taiwan bilateral ties

Staff

August 20, 2020

In response to the Somali Federal Government’s condemnation of the bilateral ties between Somaliland and Taiwan, Somaliland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation said “The government of the Republic of Somaliland sees Somalia’s reaction toward Taiwan’s Representative Office in Somaliland as “astonishing and mystifying”.

In an interview with the BBC Somali Service, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Hon. Yasin Hagi Mohamoud Hiir (Faratoon) politely called Somalia’s territorial claim over Somaliland as delusional.

As Taiwan officially known as the Republic of China opened its Representative Office in Somaliland, The People’s Republic of China and the Federal Government of Somalia have once again condemned the diplomatic ties between the two unrecognized republics!

The latest round of condemnation of the bilateral ties between Somaliland and Taiwan comes a day after Taiwan officially opened its Representative office in Somaliland.

The high profile ceremony was attended by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the two countries. President of Taiwan Ms. Tsai Ing-wen has thanked the government and the people of Somaliland for their warm welcome.

Somaliland government has so far rebuffed efforts by China to prevent it from establishing ties with Taiwan in exchange for a liaison office of its own in Hargeisa and development package.

This is the second time that China and Somalia have condemned the bilateral ties between Taiwan and Somaliland on grounds of territorial integrity of Somalia and violation of the One-China policy.

Although Somalia in the past has been very focal about Somaliland’s dealings with foreign nations, it has been powerless to stop Somaliland from clinching direct foreign investment such as the DP World’s Berbera port expansion project and maintaining ties with many countries.

Somalia is experiencing a tense political and security spasms following the auster of the Prime Minister, the potential extension of the current government’s mandate and a sharp spike in Al-Shabaab terror attacks around the country. The deadline to appoint a new prime minister has expired.

Although the United States of America has spent billions on Somalia in development and security, Somalia’s alignment with the People’s Republic of China goes against the Taipei Act. The Taipei Act was passed by the United States as a direct response to China’s effort to isolate Taiwan diplomatically.

It is unclear if China will try to exert pressure on Somaliland from neighboring countries such as Djibouti, Ethiopia, or Kenya.

The most likely candidate might be Djibouti according to regional analysts due to the high Debt-to-GDP Ratio and the overwhelming reliance of Somaliland’s telecommunication sector on Djibouti.

These African World Heritage Sites are under threat from climate change

Staff

August 15, 2020

Joanne Clarke, University of East Anglia; Elizabeth Edna Wangui, Ohio University; Grace W. Ngaruiya, Kenyatta University, and Nick Brooks, University of East Anglia

Very few academics or policy makers are talking about the impact of climate change on heritage. Yet heritage is essential for social wellbeing, for identity creation, for safeguarding traditional knowledge and livelihoods and for sustainable development.

The conversations taking place are mainly on the effects of climate change in wealthier countries. One recent study estimates that only 1% of research on the impacts of climate change on heritage is related to Africa. Yet climate change has already resulted in loss and damage to African heritage.

Three of us are contributing authors to the Africa chapter of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change’s sixth assessment report. Our research for the report has drawn our attention to the total lack of quantifiable data on the impacts of climate change on heritage in sub-Saharan Africa. So we teamed up with a climate scientist with years of experience working on the continent and set about highlighting the threat of different kinds of climate change and climate variability to heritage in Africa.

Our research is conclusive. Without significant intervention some of Africa’s most important heritage will be lost as a result of the direct and indirect impacts of climate change over the coming decades. There is a need for research into the impacts of climate change on different forms of cultural heritage in Africa, and to highlight the possible harmful effects these losses will have on society more generally.

The next ten years will be a critical period in which research agendas can be developed that will have a practical application for the management of African heritage in the face of climate change.

The bad news

Coastal erosion and sea-level rise have damaged African World Heritage Sites. The Roman city of Sabratha on the Libyan coast and the colonial forts along the coastline of Ghana are slipping into the sea. Natural sites are also under threat. Relict Guinean coastal forests have largely disappeared, partly through coastal erosion.

By 2050, Guinea, The Gambia, Nigeria, Togo, Bénin, Congo, Tunisia, Tanzania (including Zanzibar) and the Comoros will all be at significant risk from coastal erosion and sea-level rise.

The view from the heart of Stone Town in Zanzibar. ALEXIS TOUREAU/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images

Villages and towns associated with the historic Swahili Indian Ocean trading networks are all forecast to suffer significant loss from sea-level rise and coastal erosion in the coming decades. These are almost all located on the coasts of Mozambique, mainland Tanzania, Kenya, the Comoro Islands, Zanzibar and Madagascar.

A host of unique heritage locations are built on coral, sand or mud – all at elevations less than 10 metres above sea level. These include Ibo Island in the Quirimbas Archipelago in northern Mozambique, Shanga and Pate islands in Kenya, Pemba and the ruins of Kaole in Tanzania, Mahilaka in Madagascar and Suakin in Sudan. A combination of underlying geology and low elevation make these sites extremely vulnerable to coastal erosion.

In addition, low-lying World Heritage Sites that are densely populated, such as Lamu Old Town and the Stone Town of Zanzibar, are located in regions of Africa predicted to be most severely impacted by shoreline retreat.

Inland of the coast, the World Heritage mud-built town of Djenné, on the Inland Niger Delta, is suffering multiple threats, exacerbated by climate change. Rock art sites in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa are experiencing biodeterioration due to microbial activity arising from increased humidity.

But African heritage is predominantly lived heritage, which presents unique opportunities for heritage conservation.

Why a site like Djenné matters

Take Djenné in Mali, a town composed almost entirely of earthen buildings. Because of its unique vernacular architecture and its iconic mosque, it was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1988. There has been a conspicuous degradation of its mud architecture. The reasons are complex but climate change has definitely worsened the process of loss.

A 2019 aerial view shows the Niger river and the historic Malian city of Djenné. MICHELE CATTANI/AFP via Getty Images

The lowering of the high water stand of the Inland Niger Delta has meant high quality mud has become scarcer. Mud bricks must be sourced further afield at greater cost, which locals simply can’t afford. The result is buildings being repaired in cheaper materials such as concrete and fired clay bricks.

Traditional building methods are often perceived as being at odds with modernity and globalisation. But earthen buildings such as those at Djenné emit fewer greenhouse gases, consume less energy and maintain a high level of internal thermal comfort. They are more sustainable against climate change than brick and breeze block construction.

Some hope

Heritage has unseen potential. Traditional custodianship and community engagement will be at the forefront of a sustainable future.

The good news is that five years ago the World Heritage Convention adopted Unesco’s World Heritage and Sustainable Development Policy. The policy is built on the principles of human rights, equality and long-term sustainability. It’s potentially groundbreaking for African heritage, which has been beset by a colonial legacy of centralised heritage management.

It represents an opportunity for the restoration of traditional custodianship and local community engagement in heritage management. As heritage is reinserted into local lifeways, communities are able to reengage with traditional ways of doing things, which are often much more in tune with the environment. In this, African countries have the opportunity to be at the forefront of sustainable development.

And in our intergovernmental climate report, the Africa chapter has for the first time included heritage in its assessment. It identifies heritage as critical for a sustainable future.

Resetting the research agenda towards a sustainable heritage in the face of climate change will not only enable reengagement with the past, but will help mitigate the impacts of climate change beyond heritage.

Joanne Clarke, Senior lecturer, University of East Anglia; Elizabeth Edna Wangui, Associate professor, Ohio University; Grace W. Ngaruiya, Lecturer, Kenyatta University, and Nick Brooks, Research fellow, University of East Anglia

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.

1...535455...90 Page 54 of 90

Investigative Reports

How much did the TCI 737 Spectrum Management Cost?

Other Priorities: Postal Service, Carrier Interconnectivity, Secure Critical Infrastructure

Past Allegation of Spying

SLPA Q3 Analytical Op-Ed- by Engineer Abdisamed Artan

About the Author:

Ministers of Tourism?

Ministers or traditional elders?

The true Cost

The bad news

Why a site like Djenné matters

Some hope

About us

Most recent

Most popular

Subscribe