Parliament Prepping Somaliland for Petroleum Production

July 8, 2023

Genel is looking for resources of more than two billion barrels of oil in Somaliland, an extremely promising onshore exploration province.

Genel received an exploration license for Somaliland’s onshore blocks SL-10-B and SL-13 in August 2012. In November 2012, Genel expanded its presence by purchasing a 50% participating interest in the Odewayne Production Sharing Agreement, which includes blocks SL-6, SL-7, and SL-10A. Onshore Somaliland is a relatively unexplored region with few drilled exploration wells. The blocks are roughly the same size as the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in total.

Genel announced in December 2021 that it had signed a farm-out agreement with OPIC Somaliland Corporation (‘OSC’) for the SL10B13 block. OSC would receive all of Genel’s future capital investment from Taiwan’s CPC Corporation, a state-owned company. OSC was granted a working interest in the block worth 49 percent under the terms of the agreement in exchange for a cash premium and a cash consideration equal to 49 percent of all Genel’s previous back costs. Genel recently held a 100 percent working revenue, and will go on as administrator.

On the highly prospective SL10B13 block, preparations for the drilling of a well are currently underway. The possibility to be penetrated has been recognized, concurred with our accomplice, and an ideal well area chose to best objective the stacked Mesozoic supply targets with individual planned asset gauges going from 100 to 200 MMbbls.

The geotechnical review has now finished as Genel progress towards development of the well cushion. Tendering for the rig and well services has begun, and assessments of the impact on society and the environment are currently underway.

The planned SL10B13 region is c.150 kilometers from the port at Berbera, offering a course to global business sectors.

Somaliland is a country rich in various natural resources such as oil. In recent times, the government has been making efforts to attract both national and international investors.

The Somaliland parliament’s endeavors to set up the country for oil creation are still in their beginning phases. However, the parliament has made significant progress and is well-positioned to attract investment and develop a sustainable oil and gas.

Among these efforts is the Petroleum Exploration and Production Act which was approved by Parliament last year. This rule applies to oil companies, contractors, subcontractors and their employees. The Act governs both offshore and onshore oil operations, but gives the ministry the authority to make regulations and guidelines specifically for oil operations.

The Somaliland parliament must also take into consideration the potential risks associated with petroleum production, such as corruption and environmental damage. To moderate these risks, the parliament ought lay out a number of safeguards, for example, a requirement for oil companies to publish their financial reports and restriction on oil drilling in sensitive environmental areas.

Given the fact that the parliament is a replica of Somaliland people in general, in addition to the steps listed above, it should also pursue building “public awareness” of the potential benefits and risks of petroleum production. Public workshops, consultations, and information about the petroleum law and the government’s plans for the oil and gas sector must be made public by the parliament.

Somaliland Petroleum Exploration and Production Act

The law mentions different licenses that can be applied for by the companies doing oil operations, such as;

1. Preliminary survey permit

Oil companies that take this license can conduct research and exploration of the country’s oil. After the company’s application, the Ministry of Energy and Minerals will issue a preliminary exploration permit for a period of 90 days. The license is not exclusive to anyone, the Ministry will issue it to anyone who meets the requirements for the license.

When the company receives this license, it does not mean that it has a special privilege that it can later enter into the contract for drilling and oil production. The exploration company must share oil data and information with the Ministry free of charge.

2. Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement.

At the time of the exploration and production sharing agreement, the ministry openly broadcasts the agreement to the national and international media. Stakeholders who applied for the contract will pay a fee or amount of money determined by the ministry. After a period of six months, the Council of Ministers decides the winner, if there is no request, the Minister of Energy and Mines can open negotiations with private companies.

This license or agreement between the Ministry and the oil company consists of two phases; In the first phase, oil exploration, the duration of this agreement cannot exceed 10 years, while the second phase of oil production cannot exceed 30 years. If the license holder wants to renew the first phase of this agreement, he must apply (3) three months before the expiration of his license, while the second phase must apply for his renewal (5) five years before the expiration of the license. The Act states that the Ministry shall issue regulations governing the payments to be made to the applicant.

The law gives the power to approve oil contracts to the Cabinet, while the Ministry of Energy and Minerals can revoke licenses from companies if they violate this law, or if the company goes bankrupt or goes into debt or opens a lawsuit that could lead to bankruptcy.

Rights and Obligations of the Licensee.

The licensee’s rights and obligations are detailed in the agreement between him and the government. However, the Act gives companies general rights and obligations.

Licensee’s Rights

- - Oil companies have entered into a partnership in the field of oil exploration or drilling, the agreement
- - The company can export the fuel according to the agreement
- The company can construct buildings at the fuel station with the permission of the Ministry.

Obligations of Licensee

1) The company must share with the Ministry within 48 hours the information it receives about the fuel during the execution of fuel operations.

2) The company must protect the data and information of the fuel, it is the duty to provide regular information to the Ministry.

3) The company must protect the safety of the environment and the health of the workers.

4) If the company finds other minerals or other natural resources at the oil field, it must notify the Ministry.

5) The company must pay all taxes.

6) If the company is going to end the oil operations, it must submit the closure plan to the Ministry one year before the expiry of its license.

7) The company, contractor and subcontractor must have insurance.

8) The company can transfer its operations after receiving permission from the Ministry.

9) The company should train its local employees.

10) Gas release permit is approved by the Ministry.

Role of the Ministry of Energy and Minerals.

Apart from the above-mentioned ministerial roles, the Ministry supervises the company’s oil operations by appointing an inspector who has the power to enter the oil field. The law obliges the licensee to facilitate inspection activities and to provide the inspector with the information he requests.

The ministry decides where to bury fuel waste and is responsible for the safety of workers and the fuel site in the event of an emergency.

The Act empowers the Ministry to suspend the license if the company does not carry out oil operations in the proper manner, and it also provides for the punishment of the company that does not have a license to carry out oil operations which is (3) three years of imprisonment or one million US dollars or both, if there is fuel sold or used the company will pay the eligible compensation.

The law punishes those who obstruct oil operations. If the company does not submit the information to the Ministry of Petroleum, it will pay a fine of 50,000 US dollars, while if it does not submit the closure plan, it will be fined 20,000 US dollars

Guest article first published on SII

BBC Africa Daily Caught up with Dr. Edna of Somaliland

Editor II

July 7, 2023

Over the past six decades, Dr. Edna Adan Ismail has been a nurse and midwife. She has spent her life fighting for maternal health care rights in Somaliland and campaigning against Female Genital Mutilation- a practice which involves the partial or total removal of genitalia. It leaves many women and girls with infections, pain and complications in child birth. She’s been in the news recently because she was awarded The Templeton Prize and prize amounting to almost $1.4 million. The award honors those who “harness the power of the sciences to explore the deepest questions of the universe and humankind’s place and purpose within it”. So today Africa Daily’s Alan Kasujja caught up with Dr Ismail while she was on a trip in London to talk about her life, legacy, maternal healthcare and how it feels to win over a million dollars

Alan Kasujja – Host

Alan Kasujja is a Ugandan journalist who’s been lead presenter on the BBC World Service’s Newsday program since 2012. In January 2021, he launched Africa Daily, a podcast that provides context to major African stories. He has covered stories globally and across Africa and has presented documentaries on Africa’s transformation for the BBC.

BBC Africa Daily is a daily news podcast from the BBC World Service, hosted by Alan Kasujja. It is a 15-20 minute show that covers the most important stories from Africa for Africa. Each episode sets the scene for a deep dive into one story in particular. The podcast also features interviews with experts and journalists, and it is available on all major podcast platforms.

Guest article first published on SII

US State Dept. One Somalia Policy – Mirage Diplomacy With No Formulation

Editor II

July 6, 2023

Ego and vanity can be corrosive to successful foreign policy. Against the backdrop of the Benghazi debacle, Secretary of State Hillary Clintonflailed for any success
to which she could stake her legacy. She found it in Somalia. Two decades after the Black Hawk Down debacle, the international community had created a framework for a new Somali government. The country was unprepared logistically and socially for one-man, one-person elections, so Clinton threw her support behind an appointed Transitional Federal Government.

A decade on, Clinton may be gone, but many of her top aides refuse to back down from blind support for a Mogadishu government that has repeatedly failed to govern responsibly.

While the unrecognized Somaliland state embraces one-man, one-vote elections, attracts international investment due to its anti-corruption efforts and business-friendly attitudes, and casts its lot unambiguously with Western democracies and Taiwan, Somalia does the opposite: It is among the world’s most corrupt states. Despite billions of dollars in U.S. support, it has failed to hold one-man, one-vote elections. Donald Yamamoto, the previous U.S. ambassador to Somalia, threatened to resign if the U.S. did not agree to waive Somalia’s $1.5 billion debt. Washington caved, but corruption, not development, resulted.

An amendment to the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act called on the United States to develop relations with Somaliland. Behind the scenes, both the White House and State Department lobbied against the measure. Overruled, the State Department went to Plan B: Focus on Mogadishu both financially and rhetorically, while largely cutting off and criticizing democratic Somaliland. Talk to American diplomats, and they will lecture that such a policy rests in Washington’s long-standing “One Somalia” policy. Ask them to find any written or legal formulation of such policy and they cannot.

It is a mirage transformed into a mountain by generations of diplomats who confused false received wisdom by transitory colleagues with fact.

The situation blew up in December 2022 as fighting erupted in Laascaanood (Las Anod), the capital of Somaliland’s Sool district. The violence was not spontaneous but rather encouraged, if not pre-planned, by irredentists in Mogadishu and their allies in Beijing. Rather than acknowledge the right of countries to counter terrorists, the State Department sided blindly with Somalia against Somaliland. The fighting became a useful wedge to stop what Secretary of State Antony Blinken saw as congressional interference. Essentially, the Biden administration sided with China against Taiwan, and with Somalia against the region’s only democracy.

The fire, however, has now spread. Not only did the al Qaeda-affiliated al Shabaab pour into Laascaanood, but so too did U.S.-trained Danab commandos who joined forces with them. Insurgent spokesmen demanded their own state. The State Department treated the demand credibly, if only to delegitimize Somaliland and argue that its independence would unleash anarchy.

It was a cynical strategy as every U.N. Security Council member recognized Somaliland’s borders decades ago. Wildfires spread. While State Department inaction encouraged proponents of the so-called Khatumo State as a lever against both Somaliland and, by extension, Congress, they created a precedent that has now set other Somali regions aflame. It was not long before the governor of the southern Hiran district decided he too wanted to be leader of his own state. Violence also erupted in the Gedo region as local authorities decided they no longer wanted to be part of the Jubbaland state. Clashes also took place in Barawa, in the South West State. Meanwhile, fighting engulfed the normally peaceful Puntland capital of Garowe as militias unleashed by regional president Said Deni abandoned any pretense of democracy in favor of 1990s-style warlordism.

It is not too late for either Somalia or Somaliland, but forcing union and cynically fanning the flames of conflict condemns both. Rather, it is time Blinken and the architects of Clinton’s cynical Somalia embrace cast ego aside and instead approach the region through the lens of U.S. interests, rebuffing China, and consolidating and strengthening democracy where it actually exists.

Author: Michael Rubin (@mrubin1971) is a contributor to the Washington Examiner’s Beltway Confidential. He is a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.

Source: Content first published on WE under the title: “Blinken’s legacy in Africa might be setting Somalia ablaze”

Caafisom Revolutionizing Healthcare Provision in Somaliland

Editor II

July 4, 2023

In significant news for the nearly 6m inhabitants of Somaliland, an unrecognized state located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden, Caafisom,

a health tech startup based in the capital city of Hargeisa, has completed a $110,000 seed investment round led by the US-based venture capital fund Tofino Capital and the locally based Takeoff Fund.

The company, co-founded by local entrepreneurs in 2021, provides software and logistics services for hospitals to digitize patients’ health records. Users can book doctor appointments, access their medical records, and consult with health experts through their in-house app.

According to co-founder Mohamed Ismail Ahmed, the startup currently operates in multiple hospitals across the country, including Hargeisa Neurology Hospital and Needle Hospital in Hargeisa, and attracts an average of 400-500 new users daily.

With this new funding, completed in May, Caafisom has been able to increase its workforce and pursue its expansion plans. “The funding has enabled us to hire more people. This means we can be present at more locations and hospitals, which, in turn, allows us to register more people daily. Moving everything online takes a lot of time and manpower, so it was important that we could hire employees,” says Ismail.

But the health tech company, which becomes Somaliland’s first ever funded startup, has ambitions beyond the de facto borders of this small state. In the short term, it plans to expand its business first in neighboring Somalia, and then across the Horn of Africa .“The plan is to open new offices in Mogadishu and Garowe, both in Somalia, and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, over the next couple of weeks, and be present in Djibouti, Kenya, Sudan, and Tanzania in the next six months,” says Ismail.

Caafisom’s arrival would mark a diversification of Somaliland’s agriculture-dominated economy. In 2021, more than 60% of Somaliland’s exports were live animals, mainly to Gulf Arab countries through the city port of Berbera.

Somaliland Diaspora Fosters Tech-focused Investment

Ismail is part of a large diaspora eager to return and invest in their country of origin. The entrepreneur graduated from Middlesex University in the United Kingdom in 2012, before returning home and launching Caafisom.

“Somaliland is a unique place due to the combination of local and diaspora ideas,” says Ismail. “The diaspora coming back to Somaliland brings solutions that exist in the West. These could be things that we take for granted but don’t exist here. There are plenty of things needed in the region that could improve people’s lives. Due to all this need and demand, I think Somaliland and Somalia are future markets with unbelievable potential.”

In an economy worth $3.5 billions, remittances to Somaliland from the diaspora amounted to over $1.3 billions in 2020, according to figures reported by the FT. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has estimated that 25-40% of the population receives regular remittances from abroad.

The regular transfers have led Somaliland entrepreneurs to play a key role in the flourishing money transfer industry. Ismail Ibrahim Ahmed, a Somaliland-born entrepreneur who was smuggled out of the country to the UK at the outbreak of the civil war, founded UK-based WorldRemit in 2010, which has since received $700m in funding and is now valued at over $5 billions.

Despite the lack of international recognition, Somaliland enjoys economic relations with several countries outside Africa, including the United Arab Emirates, Taiwan, and Turkey, as well as neighbouring countries Ethiopia and Kenya within the continent.

Jesse Clain, the CEO of the Take Off Fund, a VC fund based in Somaliland that originated the investment in Caafisom and invested an undisclosed amount, regrets that some investors focus too much on the international recognition aspect.

“Somaliland is functionally independent in every way; it’s just not recognised internationally,” he says. “Unfortunately, there are institutions that are unable or unwilling to invest in Somaliland for political reasons or are overly reluctant about making investments in low-income countries.”

Investing in an ‘UNRECOGNIZED’ state

Somaliland broke away from neighbouring Somalia in 1991, but no foreign power has ever recognised the state’s sovereignty. This status makes it difficult to get its voice heard and attract international investors.

“Somaliland’s status as a self-proclaimed territory will, of course, be an issue for many investors as they will worry about law and order,” says Ismail.

To reassure its investors, Caafisom enlisted the services of AQN, a law firm based in Hargeisa and led by Amal Ali, a lawyer who also studied in the UK at the University of Sheffield.

“The legal side was the biggest concern, but it wasn’t a significant issue once we started working with AQN Law Firm here in Hargeisa. Dr Amal is very competent, and she played a significant role in securing the investment,” says Ismail.

“Venture capitalists considering investments in the region can be confident that everything is in place,” he adds.

Last year, Clain moved from San Francisco, where he was working in tech, to Somaliland. He opened the Take Off Fund to boost what he believes is “a very promising startup ecosystem”.

“Somalilanders have seen how much progress has been made in the last 30 years, largely without the help of the international community, and they know that they can create a better future for themselves and their children,” he says.

Tech Funding Makes Case for International Recognition

Although Clain believes that Somaliland is ready for business without the need for international recognition, he still thinks his investment could play a role in that sense.

“Somaliland can’t control what other countries do, but I think there are certain kinds of economic activity that strengthen the case for international recognition,” he says.

“As we build more high-growth businesses in Somaliland, bring in more international investors, and expand business operations to other countries, it will become clearer to Somaliland’s neighbours and trading partners that the country is an important, independent player in the region and deserves recognition.”

Ismail is also confident that the funding of its startup by a US-based VC fund is a step towards international recognition.

“It will certainly help,” he says. “The more positive news that comes out of Somaliland, the better. I think people will start to realise that it’s an untapped market with huge potential and a young population.”

Ismail believes that Somalia’s security issues undermine its business potential – the country has yet to receive startup funding, according to the startup deal online database Africa The Big Deal.

“I think it’s easier in Somaliland at the moment due to security. The main concern in Somalia is the security situation, where it’s difficult for foreign VCs to consider investing in the region,” he says.

“Once the situation improves, Somalia will have one of the best potential markets in the whole of Africa.”

However, recent clashes between Somaliland forces and militia from the Dhulbahante clan, which inhabits the Sool region of Somaliland but has never recognised the government, show that security challenges lie ahead for both Somalia and Somaliland.

To date, the conflict in the Sool region has caused 308 civilian casualties, with 36 people killed and 272 injured, according to a recent statement by Catriona Laing, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Representative for Somalia.

Leo Komminoth
Leo is tech reporter for African Business, based in Dakar, and also works on data visualizations.

From Hope to Conflict: Assessing Biden’s Policy Towards Somaliland

Staff

July 2, 2023

Background: Shifting Policies Exacerbating Ongoing Conflict

In February 2008, the U.S. and Somaliland achieved a significant milestone with the visit of Jendayi Frazer, former U.S. Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, to Hargeysa. During a panel discussion in 2020, Jendayi Frazer expressed regret for not advocating more strongly for Somaliland’s recognition during her tenure as assistant secretary. Unfortunately, the lack of attention to Jendayi’s insights has led to an ongoing conflict in Las Anod between the Somaliland army and the Somalian Darood militia. Local clan elders, who have become warlords overnight, invited the invading military due to clan irredentism on the border between Somaliland and Somalia. Regrettably, the militia’s refusal to engage in peace talks with Somaliland resulted in the losing 36 civilian lives. If the international community led by the U.S. had resolved this conflict in 2008, it could have laid the groundwork for peace between Las Anod and Hargeysa today. The people of Somaliland, including Las Anod, have waited for 15 years to have their country’s status recognized under the Somaliland flag. However, the current U.S. administration has significantly deviated from the policies of its predecessors. The current U.S. Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, Molly Phee, has introduced the “Single Somalia” policy, which treats Somaliland as a federal state within Somalia. This policy has rapidly damaged the close relations established by former Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Tibor P. Nagy and national security advisor Robert O’Brien. This article analyses the implications of this policy shift thus far and recommends that the Biden administration reverts to the original U.S. policy, which was driven by the African Union (A.U.) and based on shared values.

The Impact of “Single Somalia” Policy on a Previously Stable Region

The recent statement by the United Nations Security Council regarding the situation in Las Anod, Somaliland, raises concerns about the approach taken towards this African nation. The administration’s endorsement of violent expressions of political opinion and disregard for Somaliland’s sovereignty and independence risk further destabilizing the entire region. It is crucial to address the missteps in their policy and recognize the legitimate claims of Somaliland for long-term stability, as emphasized by E.U. Special Representative Annette Weber.

For example, we can directly link the administration’s conciliatory approach towards Las Anod clan warlords to the recent war in Garowe. In Garowe, another clan formed a militia that violently rejected constitutional amendments in Puntland. Acknowledging the unintended consequences of the “Single Somalia” policy is essential, as Somaliland and Puntland were more stable before its introduction. Furthermore, the absence of a diplomatic office in Hargeysa may have contributed to a lack of understanding by the administration regarding the response of the government and people of Somaliland to the situation in Las Anod. This response demonstrates their maturity and unity. Somaliland is more than just military or legal borders; it encompasses the police, schools, institutions, and human capital. People from all clans in Somaliland have contributed to the development of Las Anod and vice versa.

To better understand Somalilanders’ resilience and achievements as the longest Somali-speaking country in history (32 years), Washington, DC, could follow the examples of the U.K. and Taiwan by establishing offices that directly observe and support Somaliland’s progress. Somaliland has shown remarkable stability and improvement since declaring independence. It has effectively prevented piracy and terrorism within its borders, contributing valuably to regional peace in the Horn of Africa. Claims that Somaliland’s pursuit of territorial integrity threatens regional stability are unfounded and ignore the reality of Somaliland’s well-functioning governance and democratic institutions within Africa’s internationally recognized colonial borders. It is the denial of the legal foundation of these borders that incites and fuels violence.

Towards a Coherent Policy with the World, Africa and the U.S. itself

Somaliland has faced immense suffering in the past due to ethnic divisions. However, it remains committed to preserving peace and stability in the region. Protecting Somaliland from the imposition of ethnic boundaries is not only in its interest but also crucial for Somalia, Ethiopia, and the entire African continent. It is concerning that the administration still needs to follow up on the African Union fact-finding mission on Somaliland and its wisdom in maintaining colonial borders as reference points for resolving disputes.

Equally concerning is the reluctance to adhere to internationally established customary practices, which call for direct engagement with Somaliland as a recognized country without formal recognition. Over the past 32 years, numerous governments worldwide have engaged directly with Somaliland, treating it as a recognized entity. By disregarding this established norm as international customary law, Biden’s administration undermines the rule-based international order it claims to uphold.

This disregard for international law raises concerns and contradicts President Biden’s democracy-based policy that denounces leaders like Xi Jinping as dictators. The US-funded Freedom House report of 2023 regarded Somaliland as the most democratic country in the Horn of Africa. The inconsistency between the State Department’s approach to democracies globally and its treatment of Somaliland is glaring. It is worth noting that the United States was the only Western embassy that did not extend congratulations to Somaliland on the dual elections of parliament and local offices held in 2021. The embassy has only mentioned Somaliland Elections in the context of its policy of sticks with no carrots. Somaliland, which derives 71% of its budget from internal resources, did not feel compelled to respond to what it perceived as misplaced arrogance.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Before the Las Anod conflict, alarmists associated Somaliland’s recognition with wars and a less stable horn of Africa. As you can see, the worst scenario has already happened by following their Single Somalia policy. It is time for the Biden administration to return to its original AU-Driven and shared values policy towards Somaliland.

As highlighted in the NDAA 2023 bill, Somaliland can be a strategic partner in the Indo-Pacific region; a transparent recognition roadmap will ensure a stable Horn of Africa but also foster cooperation with democracies, both developed and resourceful.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Abdirahman Mohamed Abdi Daud is an Australian Somalilander and Software Engineer. Works as a principal developer for a financial technology company. Melbourne, Australia. Mr. Daud is also a Non-Resident Scholar at Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies, Hargeysa Somaliland

Disclaimer: The viewpoints expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the opinions, viewpoints of the Somaliland Chronicle, and its staff.

Notice: This article by Somaliland Chronicle is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Under this license, all reprints and non-commercial distribution of this work is permitted.

Any Change Prematurely in the Arms Embargo Policy on Somalia Poses Great Risk

Editor II

June 23, 2023

This report of Hiraal Institute presents an in-depth examination of the potential consequences of lifting the arms embargo in Somalia.

With a focus on both the national and international implications, Institute’s findings suggest caution and a nuanced approach towards this crucial policy decision

Somalia’s complex societal structure, characterized by deep-seated clan loyalties, presents a significant challenge.

The Somali National Army (SNA), essentially comprised of clan militias, raises concerns that lifting the embargo could fuel inter-clan conflicts, especially as the government has promoted clan militias since August 2023.

Such an action could potentially ignite a volatile arms race among the clans, escalating violence, and instability.

The fact that the Somali government does not fully control all its ports of entry further complicates the situation.

Without comprehensive oversight of these crucial trade nodes, the risk of arms being diverted to non-state actors, criminal syndicates, or potential adversaries is heightened.

This underlines the need for effective management of borders before any changes in the arms embargo policy.

Open arms markets in Somalia pose another significant risk. The existence of these markets and their ease of access could potentially be exacerbated by the lifting of the arms embargo, leading to a rise in violence and instability.

Furthermore, it raises concerns about the effective control and tracing of arms flow within the country.
A worrying trend of weapons meant for the SNA appearing in open markets underscores the challenges of control and accountability.

Without robust mechanisms to secure and monitor weapons, the premature lifting of the arms embargo could lead to increased arms proliferation.

Furthermore, the potential implications of unchecked arms flows are not confined to Somalia. Lessons from history show how they can fuel conflicts, destabilize regions, and pose significant threats to international security. This global perspective must be factored into any decision regarding the future of the arms embargo.

Hiraal Institute analysis emphasizes the need for a nuanced and cautious approach towards the arms embargo issue.

Strengthening Somalia’s capacity in arms control, securing ports of entry, and promoting effective governance must be prioritized before any significant changes to the current policy.

Read Full Report

The Display in Garoowe Shows the Beauty of Puntland’s Mock Democracy

Editor II

June 23, 2023

In contrast to Somaliland, which is currently preoccupied with voter registration in the midst of unpopular conflict in the Sool region for the selection of political parties and presidential elections, Puntland has not fully grasped the application of democratic principles like transparency, accountability, and citizen participation, despite the fact that democracy is generally regarded as a system that does so.

In Puntland, opposition groups say that the leader, Said Abdullahi Deni, wants to extend his term beyond January of next year or help tip the election in his favor. Deni has not discussed the allegations in public.

On June 20, 2023, Puntland forces and opposition fighters engaged in ferocious street battles in Garowe, the capital of Puntland, as the local parliament discussed constitutional changes including the introduction of one-man, one-vote elections.

The tension over proposed changes to the Puntland’s voting system resulted in the deaths of 26 and injuries to 30.

Puntland, the oldest member state of Somali Federal Government, has been known for its political system, which is often characterized as a “mock or delusional democracy” due to various shortcomings

Recently, UNSOM released a glowing report on local elections that were held in several Puntland villages and were widely regarded as a significant step toward democratization in Somalia.

Here are some of the issues associated with the mock democracy in Puntland and the negative consequences they have brought about:

Puntland’s political landscape has been dominated by a few powerful clans and individuals, leading to a limited pool of candidates and little opportunity for meaningful political competition. This has resulted in a lack of diverse perspectives and alternatives.

The absence of robust democratic institutions and mechanisms to ensure accountability has allowed corruption and nepotism to flourish. Public resources are often misused or embezzled by those in power.

In the mock democracy of Puntland, the rule of law is often compromised, with the influence of political elites undermining the independence of various the agencies. This leads to a culture of impunity, where individuals with political connections can evade justice.

While Puntland frequently restricts citizens’ ability to participate in political processes and voice their concerns, genuine democracy promotes active citizen participation. Dissenting voices may be silenced, freedom of speech and assembly may be restricted, and civil society organizations’ efforts to promote transparency and accountability may be hampered.

Puntland’s political instability and involvement in conflicts outside its borders, such as the ongoing insurgency in Las Anod, have been fueled by the flaws of its mock democracy system.

It is essential to keep in mind that these criticisms are not restricted to Puntland only; they can also be found in a variety of situations in which the democratic system has been compromised. A commitment to genuine democratic reforms, such as strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, enhancing citizen participation, and upholding the rule of law, is required for efforts to address these issues.

Guest article first published on SII

Witness History: The Somali Pilot Ordered to Bomb his own People in Hargeisa

Editor II

June 21, 2023

At the end of May 1988, rebels from the Somali National Movement launched a series of lightening attacks on cities in northern Somalia – the area that today is the self-declared republic of Somaliland.

The rebels were fighting against the military dictatorship of President Siad Barre.

By the start of June, they had taken control of most of Hargeisa, the biggest city in the north.

Government forces fell back to Hargeisa airport and other areas on the outskirts and were ordered to begin the indiscriminate bombardment of the city.

At the time Ahmed Mohamed Hassan was a fighter pilot in the Somali air force.

Ahmed Mohamed Hassan now faced a choice: join other pilots in bombing the city or refuse and face the prospect of being shot. He’s been talking to Rob Walker.

Somaliland Youth: Stoke the Fire of Patriotism & Carry the Light of Infant Democracy Forward

Editor II

June 19, 2023

Somaliland youth, the future is in your hands. As citizens of this fledgling nation, the responsibility to defend our borders and strengthen our national identity falls squarely on your shoulders. While the older generation secured our independence through sacrifice and determination against all odds, now the torch has been passed to you. It’s your time to stoke the fires of patriotism and carry the light of this young democracy forward.

The enemies surrounding us grow bolder by the day, constantly testing our resolve. But we have something they don’t – the spirit of Somaliland nationalism that flows through our veins. Our loyalty to this scrap of land in the Horn of Africa that we call home knows no bounds. Though small in size, the ambitions of our nation are great. Somaliland youth, the call of patriotism rings out – will you answer? The future is unwritten, and the pen is in your hands. What will you write?

The Spirit of Patriotism in Somaliland Youth

As a Somaliland youth, it’s up to you to defend our nation. How? By embracing the spirit of patriotism. Patriotism means having a strong love for one’s country. For Somaliland, it means upholding our independence, protecting our borders, and promoting our unique culture. As youth, you can show your patriotism through:

Defending Somaliland’s sovereignty on social media. Combat propaganda from Somalia, Puntland, and others trying to undermine our nationhood. Spread the truth about Somaliland’s legal case for independence.

Promoting Somaliland’s interests globally. Build connections with diaspora communities and international allies. Educate foreigners about Somaliland and advocate for our recognition on the world stage.

Reviving cultural traditions. Learn about Somaliland’s history, languages, poetry, and more. Share this knowledge with others and help pass on our cultural heritage to future generations.

Supporting the government’s development goals. Volunteer your skills and time for the betterment of our communities. Be active citizens by voting, following laws, and participating in local government.

Defending unity within Somaliland. Stand together against threats like terrorism, tribalism, and regionalism that seek to divide us. Promote inclusion, equality and justice for all Somalilanders.

Our nation’s future depends on the strength and dedication of its youth. By embracing a spirit of patriotism, you can help secure Somaliland’s prosperity and pave the way for international recognition of our independence. The call is clear – stand up, speak out, and defend your nation! Somaliland’s destiny is in your hands.

Promoting National Identity and Pride in Our Achievements

As Somaliland youth, it’s up to us to spread national pride and strengthen our identity. We should uplift our nation’s achievements and share the stories of how far we’ve come.

Promoting our culture, values, and history binds us together. We can revive cultural traditions, share photos of beautiful landmarks, teach friends about key events in our independence, and more. Our heritage makes us who we are – let’s celebrate it!

Defending Somaliland’s interests should be a priority. We must stand united against threats from Somalia, Puntland, terror groups like Al-Shabaab, and foreign influence. Use social media and write letters to build international recognition of Somaliland. Educate others about our right to self-determination.

Volunteering to improve communities also boosts national pride. Help local organizations, pick up litter, plant trees, or tutor students. Giving back creates a shared sense of purpose and shows how much we care about our nation’s future.

Somaliland’s youth have so much potential. By promoting our identity, defending our interests, and serving our communities, we become active citizens shaping Somaliland’s destiny. Our generation will lead this country to even greater heights – the future is ours to build!

Staying informed and voting in elections are vital too. Choose leaders who will progress Somaliland and strengthen institutions. Our voices and votes matter in guiding this democracy.

Together, we can cultivate a spirit of national pride to overcome any challenge. The call of patriotism is ringing out – now is the time for Somaliland’s youth to step up and defend the nation. Our country’s best days are still ahead!

Defending Somaliland Against Internal and External Threats

Defending Against Internal Threats

The greatest threats to Somaliland often come from within – apathy, division, and lack of patriotism. As youth, you must defend against these internal threats by embracing your shared identity as Somalilanders. Promote unity and cooperation, not conflict, with your words and actions. Stand up against harmful tribalism and instead celebrate the diversity of clans and cultures within Somaliland. Foster a sense of shared purpose and destiny.

Combat apathy and indifference through civic participation. Vote in elections, join community organizations, and make your voice heard on issues that matter. Apathy is the enemy of progress.

Promote inclusion and shared identity. We are all Somalilanders, no matter our clan, ethnicity or religion. Stand united against those who would divide us.

Spread patriotism and national pride. Share stories of Somaliland’s struggles for independence and its achievements as a democratic nation. Honor national holidays and encourage cultural traditions that unite us. Help others understand why you are proud to be Somalilander.

Defending Against External Threats

Somaliland also faces threats from outside forces like Somalia, China, and terrorist groups who do not wish to see our independent and democratic nation succeed. As youth, you must defend Somaliland’s sovereignty through activism and civic participation.

Stand up for Somaliland’s independence on social media and through diplomatic channels. Counter Somalia’s false narratives about Somaliland still being part of a unified Somalia.

Be wary of China’s increasing influence and investments in Somaliland. Urge government leaders to make deals that benefit Somaliland’s interests above all else. Monitor China’s actions closely.

Report any suspicious terrorist activity to the authorities immediately. While Somaliland has remained largely peaceful, extremist groups still pose a threat. Remain vigilant.

Volunteer your skills and talents to strengthen Somaliland’s government and civil society organizations. A strong, transparent government supported by an active citizenry is Somaliland’s best defense.

Through unity, activism, and an unwavering commitment to Somaliland’s independence and democratic values, youth can defend against all internal and external threats facing the nation. The future of Somaliland is in your hands.

Upholding National Interest Through Activism & Social Media

As a youth living in Somaliland, you have an important role to play in promoting national interests through activism and leveraging social media.

Spreading Awareness

Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are powerful tools for raising awareness about important causes and sharing information. Post about Somaliland’s history, culture, and achievements to educate others and instill national pride. Share news articles highlighting Somaliland’s democratic values, economic potential, and global partnerships. Educate people on issues affecting Somaliland and rally support for solutions. The more people know about Somaliland, the more they will support its sovereignty and success.

Organizing and Campaigning

Social media also enables youth to organize events and campaigns to support national interests. You can:

Plan rallies, fundraisers, and community service events. Promote them on social media to increase attendance and participation.

Start social media campaigns to put pressure on governments or organizations taking actions against Somaliland’s interests. Use hashtags to spread messages and calls-to-action.

Sign and share petitions addressing key issues. Grassroots movements often spur real political change.

Volunteer your skills for causes you care about. Offer to manage social media accounts, create promotional materials, organize logistics, and more. Every bit helps.

Counteracting Negative Influences

Unfortunately, some users spread misinformation and propaganda on social media to undermine Somaliland. You must combat these negative influences by:

Reporting fake news stories, hate speech, harassment, and trolling when you see it.
Sharing fact-checked news from reputable sources. Correct people who share dubious information.
Promoting messages of unity, hope, and pride to counter fearmongering and division.
Using your voice to drown out those seeking to damage Somaliland’s legitimacy and progress.

By taking an active role in promoting national interests on social media and through community activism, Somaliland’s youth can shape public discourse and support the nation’s prosperity. Make the most of these opportunities and your voice will be heard.

Answering the Call: How Youth Can Support the Government and Nation

Spread National Pride on Social Media

As a youth in Somaliland, one of the easiest ways you can support your nation is by promoting it on social media. Post about Somaliland’s natural beauty, cultural heritage, and national achievements to raise awareness and garner international recognition. Share photos of historic sites like Laas Geel cave paintings, stunning landscapes like Daallo forest, or cultural events like the annual Hargeisa International Book Fair.

Educate Others About Somaliland

Many people around the world are still unaware of Somaliland’s quest for independence and desire for self-governance. As an informed patriot, you can change that by educating friends, family and foreigners about Somaliland’s unique history and political situation. Explain how Somaliland has functioned as an independent state for nearly 30 years, with its own currency, passport and democratic elections. Discuss Somaliland’s fight against extremism and its ambition to become a fully recognized nation in East Africa.

Volunteer Your Time and Skills

There are many ways to volunteer your time and skills to support important causes within Somaliland. You might volunteer to help protect endangered wildlife, clean up parks and beaches, build schools or health clinics, teach important skills to others, assist non-profits, or help improve government services. As a volunteer, you can work directly with citizens and communities to solve real problems, gain valuable experience, and make a meaningful impact. Volunteering also shows your dedication to serving the nation.

Stay Informed & Spread Accurate Information

As Somaliland youth, it’s important to stay up-to-date with events happening within your nation so you can spread accurate and factual information to others. Follow reputable news sources, government social media, and patriotic organizations to keep tabs on the latest news and announcements. Be wary of ‘fake news’ and unverified propaganda that could damage Somaliland’s image or unity. When you share news with friends and social media followers, double check facts and cite credible sources to build trust in the information. Promoting truth and transparency is key.

Conclusion

So, get out there, young Somalilanders. Spread the message of unity and patriotism through your words and actions. Defend your nation against those who would see it crumble. Uphold your cultural heritage and take pride in your national identity. Support your government’s efforts to improve people’s lives. Believe in Somaliland’s destiny as a free, prosperous and independent nation. The future is yours to shape. What kind of Somaliland do you want to leave behind for your children and grandchildren? A divided, weak nation constantly under threat or a strong, unified one that prospers through the hard work and patriotism of its citizens? The choice is clear. Now go and make it happen. Somaliland’s future is in your hands.

Author: Kasim Abdulkadir

Disclaimer: Views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author
and do not necessarily reflect the views of Somaliland Chronicle.
Somaliland Chronicle is an online news outlet that seeks to publish
well-argued and policy-oriented articles on Somaliland nation's
priorities in foreign affairs, education, healthcare, economy,
energy, and infrastructure

IGAD Resolution on Las Anod Conflict Reflects Somaliland Position

Editor II

June 18, 2023

The 14th Ordinary Session of the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government was held on Monday, 12th June 2023, in the Republic of Djibouti

The meeting was attended by: H.E. Ismail Omar Guelleh, President of the Republic of Djibouti; H.E. Dr. Abiy Ahmed, Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; H.E. Dr. William Ruto, President of the Republic of Kenya; H.E. Dr. Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of the Federal Republic of Somalia; H.E. Salva Kiir Mayardit; President of the Republic of South Sudan; H.E. Osman Saleh Mohammed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Eritrea and H.E. Gen. Al-Hajj Odongo Jeje Abubakhar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uganda.

Also in attendance were, H.E. Moussa Faki Mahamat, Chairperson of the African Union Commission; representatives of the IGAD Council of Ministers and Committee of Ambassadors; H.E. Dr. Workneh Gebeyehu, Executive Secretary of the IGAD Secretariat; H.E. Hanna Serwaa Tetteh; United Nations Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa; H.E. Xue Bing, Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa Affairs of the Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China; H.E. Shimizu Shinsuke, Japan Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa; H.E. Sylivie Tabesse, Ambassador of the EU Delegation to Djibouti and IGAD representing Member States of the European Union.

Arising from deliberations that followed statement by the enormous dignitaries and diplomats in attendance. The Assembly:

Thanked the people and Government of the Republic of Djibouti for hosting the 14th Ordinary Session of the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government and the warm welcome extended to delegates from Member States and other participants.

In the final communique of the session, various developments in the IGAD region were welcomed, congratulated, commended, appealed, adopted, underlined, appreciated, condemned, called on, and noted.

The conflict in Somaliland’s Sool region is the subject of one of these adopted resolutions.

Urged the warring parties in Las Anod to immediately cease hostilities
and peacefully resolve differences through discussion and dialogue.

The position that the government of Somaliland took several months ago and continues to uphold is exactly reflected in the IGAD resolution on the Las Anod conflict that was adopted in Djibouti. Unfortunately, the insurgency has repeatedly rejected this position.

Unlike the last absurd press statement on situation in Las Anod conflict from the UN Security Council, which immediately elicited a strong response from the Somaliland government, the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) resolution avoided mentioning the sanctity of so-called “Somalia territorial integrity” because all of the IGAD countries are colonial creations.

This indicates that European colonial powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries established their current borders and political structures. The ethnic or cultural divisions of the people who lived in these countries were frequently ignored when drawing the borders of these nations.

The Italian colonial government, for instance, established Ethiopia’s borders in the latter part of the 19th century. Oromo, Somali, and Tigrayans are among the numerous ethnic groups that were incorporated into the country as a result of this

African Union members continue to face significant difficulties as a result of the colonial legacy. There is no doubt that the arbitrary border, drawn by colonial powers has had a negative impact on the continent, mainly leading to conflicts among the neighboring countries. However, it is also important to note that these borders are not the only factor contributing to Africa’s problems. Other factors such as political instability, economic inequality, and poor governance to say the least also play a role.

The hard reality is this challenge will never result in a review or revision of the colonial-drawn boundaries, because the Charter of the African Union (AU) demanding the preservation of inherited colonial borders upon gaining independence.

The Uti Possidetis Juris, which means “as you possess by right,” is the name of this principle. In 1964, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) adopted it for the first time, and in 2002, it was incorporated into the AU Charter.

The adoption of the Uti Possidetis Juris principle was primarily viewed as a means of preventing conflict and instability following decolonization.

Considering such regulations and charters in place today, the Republic of Somaliland in the “Horn of Africa” is perhaps the most egregious example of an aspirational nation being denied its proper status because of hypocrisy of the African Union and outside powers in Washington, London, Paris, and Berlin.

The Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) was created in 1986 with the initial purpose of promoting economic cooperation and development in the Horn of Africa and East Africa. The IGAD Secretariat was established in 1996 to provide the organization with a permanent secretariat and to coordinate its activities. The IGAD Secretariat is located in Djibouti. In addition to its initial purpose of promoting economic cooperation and development, IGAD has also played a role in promoting peace and security in the region. IGAD has been involved in mediating several peace agreements.

IGAD should not have only thought of making a brief statement on the Las Anod conflict, but it must have the brain tackling and resolving the burning issue between Somaliland and Somalia, given its deep understanding of Somaliland’s sovereignty.

Guest piece published first on SII

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Investigative Reports

Background: Shifting Policies Exacerbating Ongoing Conflict

The Impact of “Single Somalia” Policy on a Previously Stable Region

Towards a Coherent Policy with the World, Africa and the U.S. itself

Conclusion and Recommendations

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

The Spirit of Patriotism in Somaliland Youth

Promoting National Identity and Pride in Our Achievements

Defending Somaliland Against Internal and External Threats

Upholding National Interest Through Activism & Social Media

Answering the Call: How Youth Can Support the Government and Nation

Conclusion

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